Advertising Alcoholic Beverages to Children Essay example -- Advertise

Advertising Alcoholic Beverages to ChildrenAlcohol manufacturers use a assortment of unscrupulous techniques to advertise alcoholic beverages to children. Perhaps the worst ideal is Anheuser-Busch Co., the worlds largest brewer, which uses child-enticing cartoon images of frogs, dogs, penguins and lizards in ads for Budweiser beer. These Budweiser cartoon characters argon hugely popular with children, just like Joe Camel ads. A KidCom Marketing study once found these Budweiser cartoon character ads were Ameri thunder mug childrens favorite ads. This is no accident. Anheuser-Busch is conducting an advertizing campaign to get children to start drinking beer. These Budweiser ads are unconscionable. So are Phillip Morriss Miller Lite twist to open commercials, which are among childrens top 10 favorite ads, according to another study by KidCom. severe liquor ads on television are equally unconscionable. In June, 1996, Joseph E. Seagrams & Sons Co. broke a 48 year old voluntary banning on advertising hard liquor on television. Five months later, the Distilled Spirits Council of the United States (DISCUS) re-wrote its Code of Good Practice to allow its member distillers to advertise on radio and television. dismantle if these TV ads are aired only after 9 or 10 PM, they will still reach millions of American children.Alcohol advertising whitethorn increase alcohol consumption, including drinking by minors. Based on this effect, various municipalities around the country have attempted to ban alcohol advertising. These attempts have met with sundry(a) results in the courts. This section will attempt to explain how a municipality can legally ban alcohol advertising.Commercial SpeechThe only constitutional bank check to banning alcohol advertising is First Amendment freedom of speech. Alcohol producers and their advertising companies will usually bring suit against a municipality which bans alcohol advertisements, arguing that the ban is an unconstitutional abridgeme nt of the freedom of speech. Advertising, however, is only commercial speech, which is protected by the First Amendment 1. but not to the extent that political speech is protected. Therefore, a municipality can regulate advertising much more than it can regulate pure First Amendment speech.Types of Alcohol AdvertisingAlcohol is advertised on billboards and other signs, in print, and on radio and television. It is al... ...ard the substance of alcohol as neutral --- neither inherently good nor inherently bad. What matters is how it is used, and we must convey by word and example that the abuse of alcohol is never humorous, acceptable, or excusable.Do alcohol ads portray the products being enjoyed in the most appealing settings and by the most attractive the great unwashed? Of course they often do --- no less than do ads for cars, instant coffee and anti-fungal sprays. That normalcy of alcohol ads helps demystify the product --- which is a good buttocks to begin encouraging realisti c, moderate, and responsible attitudes about it.Responsible attitudes toward alcohol are based on the understanding that such beverages are yet another partitioning of life over which individuals have control, like exercise, personal hygiene, or diet.If alcohol beverages are to be used moderately by those who choose to consume them, therefore its important that these beverages not be stigmatized, compared to illegal drugs, and associated with abuse. They arent dangerous poisons to be hidden from sight and become a subject of mystery and perhaps fascinating appeal. scarce that would be the message sent if alcohol commercials were banned from TV.

Dante Gabriel Rossetti :: Biography Biographies Essays

Dante Gabriel Rossetti Dante Gabriel Rossetti was born in 1828, but not with that name not entirely, that is. In truth, he was born Gabriel Charles Dante Rossetti, son of an Italian disciple living in London, but later changed the arrangement of his name so as to closer identify himself with the great 13th-14th century Italian poet Dante Aligheri, author of la Divina Comedia and Vita Nuova (Everett, np). His obsession with Dante impacted his work, both literary and artistic from his masterpiece Beata Beatrix to his poetry buried with wife Elizabeth Siddal, he lived and worked under the duality of beauty, the fight between the consistency and the soul, best expressed in The House of Life, particularly sonnets 77 and 78, Souls Beauty and Bodys Beauty respectively. Even early in his career, Rossettis interest in Dante is apparent. In 1848, he translated portions of Aligheris Vita Nuova, which details Dantes unconsummated love for Beatrice, a theme that also runs through the Divine Comedy. It is at this time that Rossetti changed the order of his name and initials, dropping Charles altogether. This would become a lifelong identification with the poet, emphasized by his relationship with Elizabeth Siddal (Rodgers, p 16). In 1860, Rossetti married Siddal, a model and artist with whom he had an affair. This wasnt a happy marriage, both partners suffering from depression and drug addiction. Moreover, this was a pity marriage, done not out of love but out of loyalty to Siddal, believing he could excuse her from herself. Part of Rossettis obsession with Dante became an identification of two kinds of love, one being chaste and spiritual and identified with the person of Beatrice, the other being earthly and physical. In marrying Siddal, Rossetti matte he was destroying her position as Beatrice, despite the fact that they were already lovers. The marriage was a short, tumultuous one, ending in the suicide of Siddal by way of a drug overdose of Laudanum, an opiate. Depressed, especially since the miscarriage of their only child, and no doubt also by Rossettis infidelities, particularly with Jane Morris, wife of friend and fellow Pre-Raphaelite William Morris, Siddal is vista to have intentionally overdosed on the narcotic.

James Joyces Araby - The Lonely Quest in Araby Essay -- Joyce Dubline

The Lonely Quest in Araby Universality of experience makes crowd Joyces Araby interesting, readers respond instinctively to an experience that could have been their own. It is part of the instinctual disposition of man to long for what he feels is the befuddled spirituality of his world. In all ages man has believed that it is possible to search for and find a talisman, which, if brought back, will return this lost spirituality. The development of theme in Araby resembles the myth of the necessitate for a holy talisman. In Araby, Joyce works from a visionary mode of artistic creation-a explicate used by psychiatrist Carl Jung to describe the, visionary kind of literary creation that derives its material from the hinterland of mans mind-that suggests the abyss of time sepa-rating us from prehuman ages, or evokes a superhuman world of con-trasting light and darkness. It is a autochthonic experience, which sur-passes mans understanding and to which he is therefore in danger of succumbing. 1 Assuredly this describes Joyces handling of the material of Araby. The quest itself and its consequences surpass the understanding of the young protagonist of the story. He can only feel that he undergoes the experience of the quest and naturally is con-fused, and at the storys conclusion, when he fails, he is anguished and angered. His contrasting world of light and darkness contains both the lost spirituality and the dream of restoring it. Because our own worlds contain these contrasts we also feel, even though the primordial experience surpasses our understanding, too. It is true, as a writer reminds us, that no matter the work, Joyce always views the order and disorder of the world in terms of the Catholic faith... ...world of North capital of Virginia Street. Here, instead of Eastern enchant-ment, are flimsy stalls for buying and selling flimsy wares. His grailhas turned out to be only flimsy tea sets cover with artificial flow-ers. As the upper hall becomes comp letely dark, the boy realizes thathis quest has ended. Gazing upward, he sees the vanity of imagininghe can carry a chalice through a dark throng of foes. 1 Carl G. Jung, Modern Man in Search of a Soid. trans. W. S. Dell and CaryF. Baynes (New York, 1933), pp. 156-157. 2 William Bysshe Stein, Joyces Araby Paradise Lost, Perspective, X11,No. 4 (Spring 1962), 215. 3 From Letters of James Joyce, Vol. II, ed. Richard Ellmarm (New York,1966), p. 134. 4 James Joyce, Stephen Hero (New York, 1944), pp. 210-211. 5 Marvin Magalaner, Time of Apprenticeship The Fiction of Young JamesJoyce (London, 1959), p. 87.

Essay --

Now Hitler was a self-centered man when it came to power and dividing the work, he was no doubt a great leader according to me. He would order work and divide work but never did he divide his power.There are numerous attributes of incredible pioneers and Greenberg and Baron (2009) state that the initiatory normal for extraordinary pioneer is that he has the yearning to lead and succeed in crease. Buchanan (2007) battle that pioneers have the adaptability which helps them in distinguishing the movements needed in a assumption circumstance and afterward they can act likewise. The pioneers have inspiration enough to look for force to accomplish seek objectives. They are versatile enough to compare their sort with the requirements of adherents and they can additionally act appropriately according to the interest of circumstance they confront in business sector.Possibility Theories Possibility speculations of leadership endure on specific variables identified with the environment t hat may figure out which specific style of leadership is trump out suited for the circumstances. No leadership style is best in all circumstances. Victory relies on various variables, including the leadership style, vulcanized fiberistics of the supporters and parts of the circumstances. Trademark Theories Comparable in a couple of methodologies to Phenomenal populace speculations, trait theories acknowledge that people inherit certain qualities and attributes that realize a recognizable change suited to leadership. fictional character speculations customarily distinguish particular character or behavioral properties bestowed by leaders. On the off chance that particular qualities are key attributes of leadership, then how exponent we show people who have those qualities hitherto are ... ...ties of the Nazi Party all in all, and the political association incorporating his power. Id like to reason out by saying that the point when analyzing Hitlers init iative, it is racy to distinguish your authority model. Do you shoot that ethics and correspondence are key elements when creating a solid and stimulate pioneer? In insight into the past, it is not difficult to criticize Hitler as a pioneer in light of the torment and damage he stressed on others. Imagine a scenario in which those qualities are corrupt and damaging to numerous gatherings. Hitler was a pioneer, basically because of his positional power and impact on others embrace his vision. On the other hand, I accept there is a contrast between ethical and indecent pioneers, and when the vision is hindering to different gatherings, the initiative is not a victory. Essay -- Now Hitler was a self-centered man when it came to power and dividing the work, he was no doubt a great leader according to me. He would order work and divide work but never did he divide his power.There are numerous attributes of incredible pioneers and Greenberg and Baron (2009) state that t he first normal for extraordinary pioneer is that he has the yearning to lead and succeed in business. Buchanan (2007) battle that pioneers have the adaptability which helps them in distinguishing the movements needed in a given circumstance and afterward they can act likewise. The pioneers have inspiration enough to look for force to accomplish sought objectives. They are versatile enough to match their style with the requirements of adherents and they can additionally act appropriately according to the interest of circumstance they confront in business sector.Possibility Theories Possibility speculations of leadership concentrate on specific variables identified with the environment that may figure out which specific style of leadership is best suited for the circumstances. No leadership style is best in all circumstances. Victory relies on various variables, including the leadership style, characteristics of the supporters and parts of the circumstances. Trademark Theories Compar able in a couple of methodologies to Phenomenal Man speculations, trait theories acknowledge that people inherit certain qualities and attributes that realize a recognizable change suited to leadership. Quality speculations customarily distinguish particular character or behavioral properties bestowed by leaders. On the off chance that particular qualities are key attributes of leadership, then how might we show people who have those qualities however are ... ...ties of the Nazi Party all in all, and the political association incorporating his power. Id like to conclude by saying that the point when analyzing Hitlers initiative, it is vital to distinguish your authority model. Do you accept that ethics and correspondence are key elements when creating a solid and compelling pioneer? In insight into the past, it is not difficult to criticize Hitler as a pioneer in light of the torment and damage he distressed on others. Imagine a scenario in which those qualit ies are corrupt and damaging to numerous gatherings. Hitler was a pioneer, basically because of his positional power and impact on others encompassing his vision. On the other hand, I accept there is a contrast between ethical and indecent pioneers, and when the vision is hindering to different gatherings, the initiative is not a victory.

I am going to study three love poems. The first one is called First Lov

I am going to study three love poems. The first one is called First Love by trick ClareHow does poets writing before 1900 use language to write neardifferent types of love? Consider three love poems, two of which mustbe by the same poet.In this piece of coursework I am going to study three love poems. Thefirst one is called First Love by John Clare this poem is a realsimple, sweet poem about a mans first love of his life. The second iscalled My Last Duchess by Robert Browning this poem is about theDuke telling his servant about his last wife, this poem is a poemabout obsessive love. The third poem is called Porphyrias rooteralso by Robert Browning this poem is about a man being suspiciousenough to murder his love with her hair. This poem is a psychoticpoem. Throughout this coursework I will be investigating the poemsvocabulary, structure and imagery.Firstly, I am going to explore the poems vocabulary. The vocabulary inFirst Love by John Clare is very simplistic and sweet, much l ikewhat you would find in a valentines card. The nouns found in thispoem, like flower is just one font of the simplicity that thispoem has in it. Even simple adjectives have been included in thispoem there are more words to describe new(prenominal) than pale, more colonialwords could have been used. Clare could have used words like bloodlessor cadaverous which are more complex but mean the same as pale.Although the vocabulary in First Love is very simple the vocabularyin My Last Duchess is a round more obsessive. In the poem Clare putforward that no one else has seen the portrait strangers never readthat painted countenance plus he had a very negative view over theentire positive th... ...bulary,structure and imagery. The vocabulary in First Love is verysimplistic and sweet, whereas the vocabulary in My Last Duchess is alot more obsessive and in Porphyrias lover the vocabulary ispossessive. The sentence structure in First Love is very short andsimple but in My Last Duchess the structure shows the obsessive andjealous love given. Whereas in Porphyrias Lover the sentencestructure shows a psychopathic and menacing love. The imagery inFirst Love is saying simple and innocent love but in PorphyriasLover the imagery is saying paranoid and psychopathic love. There isnot much imagery to comment on in My Last Duchess.I prefer Porphyrias Lover to First Love and My Last Duchessbecause it is possessive and enjoyable because it has lots of use ofimagery which makes it interesting to read though and investigate.

Comparing Lear and Gloucester in Shakespeares King Lear Essay

In Shakespeares classic tragedy, magnate Lear, there are several characters who do not represent the reality of their situation. cardinal such characters are Lear and Gloucester. Both characters exhibit a blindness to the world around them. Lear does not see clearly the truth of his daughters mentions, while Gloucester is also blind by Edmonds treachery. This harm to see reality leads to Lears intellectual blindness, which is his insanity, and Gloucesters physical blindness that leads to his trusting tendencies. Each character achieves inner awareness at the end as their surreal blindness is lifted and they realize the truth. Both Lear and Gloucester are characters used by Shakespeare to show the relevance of having a clear vision in life.Lears vision is marred by lack of direction in life, poor foresight and his inability to predict the consequences of his actions. He cannot vista far enough into the future to see the consequences of his actions. This, in addition to his lack of insight into other people, condemns his relationship with his most beloved daughter, Cordelia. When Lear asks his daughters, who loves him most, he already thinks that Cordelia has the most love for him. However, when Cordelia says I love your stateliness according to my bond, no more nor less. (I, i, 94-95) Lear cannot see what these words really mean. Goneril and Regan are only putting on an act. They do not truly love Lear as much as they should. When Cordelia says these words, she has seen her sisters facade, and she does not want to associate her true love with their false love. Lear, however, is fooled by Goneril and Regan into thinking that they love him, while Cordelia does not. This is when Lear first shows a star sign of becoming blind to those around him. He snaps and disowns herLet be so Thy truth then be thy dowerFor, by the sacred radiance of the sun,The mysteries of Hecate and the nighttimeBy all the operation of the orbsFrom whom we do exist and cease to beHere I disclaim all my paternal care,Propinquity and property of blood,And as a stranger to my heart and meHold thee from this for ever. The barbarous Scythian,Or he that makes his generation messesTo gorge his appetite, shall to my bosomBe as well neighboured, pitied, and relieved,As cat valium may sometime daughter. (I, i, 110-123)Not only does he disown her, but he also banishes her fro... ...not truly be seen with the warmheartedness, but with the heart. The physical world that the eye can detect can accordingly hide its evils with physical attributes, and thus clear vision cannot result from the eye alone. Lears downfall was a result of his failure to comprehend that appearances do not always represent reality. Gloucester avoided a similar demise by learning the relationship between appearance and reality. If Lear had learned to look with more than just his eyes before the end, he might have avoided this tragedy. These two tragic stories unfolding at the same time gave the play a great eminence.Work CitedShakespeare, William, Barbara A. Mowat, and Paul Werstine. The Tragedy of King Lear. New York Washington Square, 1993. Print.Works ConsultedBradley, A.C. King Lear. Shakespearian Tragedy. Lectures on Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth. Macmillan and Co., London, 1919. Project Gutenberg. Web. 26 Apr. 2015. Bengtsson, Frederick. King Lear by William Shakespeare. Columbia College. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Apr. 2015.Blind. The New Oxford American Dictionary. 3rd ed. 2011. Print..

Comparing Lear and Gloucester in Shakespeares King Lear Essay

In Shakespeares classic tragedy, force Lear, there are several characters who do non see the reality of their situation. Two such characters are Lear and Gloucester. Both characters exhibit a blindness to the world around them. Lear does not see faintly the lawfulness of his daughters mentions, bandage Gloucester is also blinded by Edmonds treachery. This failure to see reality leads to Lears intellectual blindness, which is his insanity, and Gloucesters physical blindness that leads to his trusting tendencies. Each character achieves inner knowingness at the end as their surreal blindness is lifted and they realize the truth. Both Lear and Gloucester are characters used by Shakespeare to show the relevance of having a clear vision in life.Lears vision is marred by lack of direction in life, poor foresight and his inability to predict the consequences of his actions. He cannot look far-off enough into the future to see the consequences of his actions. This, in addition to his l ack of insight into other people, condemns his relationship with his most be approved daughter, Cordelia. When Lear asks his daughters, who loves him most, he already thinks that Cordelia has the most love for him. However, when Cordelia says I love your Majesty according to my bond, no more nor less. (I, i, 94-95) Lear cannot see what these words really mean. Goneril and Regan are only putting on an act. They do not truly love Lear as much as they should. When Cordelia says these words, she has seen her sisters facade, and she does not want to associate her true love with their false love. Lear, however, is fooled by Goneril and Regan into thinking that they love him, while Cordelia does not. This is when Lear first shows a sign of becoming blind to those around him. He snaps and disowns herLet be so Thy truth then be thy dowerFor, by the sacred radiance of the sun,The mysteries of Hecate and the nightBy all the operation of the orbsFrom whom we do exist and cease to beHere I discl aim all my agnate care,Propinquity and property of blood,And as a stranger to my heart and meHold thee from this for ever. The barbarous Scythian,Or he that makes his generation messesTo gorge his appetite, shall to my bosomBe as well neighboured, pitied, and relieved,As thou may sometime daughter. (I, i, 110-123)Not only does he disown her, exactly he also banishes her fro... ...not truly be seen with the eye, but with the heart. The physical world that the eye can detect can accordingly hide its evils with physical attributes, and thus clear vision cannot result from the eye alone. Lears capitulation was a result of his failure to comprehend that appearances do not always represent reality. Gloucester avoided a similar demise by learning the relationship amongst appearance and reality. If Lear had learned to look with more than just his eyes before the end, he might have avoided this tragedy. These two tragic stories unfolding at the aforesaid(prenominal) time gave the play a great eminence.Work CitedShakespeare, William, Barbara A. Mowat, and Paul Werstine. The Tragedy of King Lear. New York Washington Square, 1993. Print.Works ConsultedBradley, A.C. King Lear. Shakespearian Tragedy. Lectures on Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth. Macmillan and Co., London, 1919. Project Gutenberg. Web. 26 Apr. 2015. Bengtsson, Frederick. King Lear by William Shakespeare. Columbia College. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Apr. 2015.Blind. The New Oxford American Dictionary. 3rd ed. 2011. Print..

Metal Protection Crossion

DBT 303 METALS PROTECTION ASSIGNMENT 1 1) 2) 3) What is meant by oxidation and reduction processes? What is meant by anode and cathode? Write both fractional reaction equations and total equations in an electrochemical cell that consists of Pb and Zn in their respective 1M ion solutions. 4) Write both half reaction from the total equilibrium electrochemical cell below? trace what happen for each half reaction? Calculate the potential that is generated Zn + 2HCL-ZnCl2 + H2 5) What is meant by Corrosion Penetration Rate, CPR? (i) (ii) Define CPR. Give its unit. ) 7) 8) State three (3) corrosion medium? State the difference between EMF series and galvanizing series that you know? What is meant by? (i) (ii) Corrosion? Corrosion rate? 9) One half of an electrochemical cell consists of a pure Nickel electrode in a solution of Ni2+. The other is a Cadmium electrode immersed in a Cd2+ solution. (i) If the cell is a streamer one, write the spontaneous overall reaction and calculate the vo ltage that is generated. (ii) Compute the cell potential at 25? C if the Cd2+ and Ni2+ concentrations are 0. 5 and 10-3 M, respectively.Is the spontaneous reaction direction still the same as for the standard cell? 10) 11) Define passivity. Give an example of passivity. Briefly explain how passivity behaviour protects the metal surface from further corrosion. 12) 13) 14) 15) State two (2) examples of metals that displays passivity behaviour. Define erosion corrosion and how does it happen? What is crevice corrosion? Give an example of crevice corrosion. Where are intergranular corrosion always occur? How to prevent intergranular corrosion? 16) A piece of corroded steel plate was found in submerged ocean vessel.It was estimated that the original area of the plate was 15 in. 2 and approximately 2. 8 kg had corroded away during the submersion. Assuming a corrosion penetration rate of 180 mpy for this alloy in seawater, estimate the time of submersion in unit of years. The density of th e steel is 7. 9 g/cm3. 17) 18) 19) 20) How does Activation Polarization occur? Explain about sacrificial anode and in what environment can be used? Explain about impressed current and how does it operated? Give four (4) common methods to apply metallic coating?

Solutions Hmwk

ISDS-361AExercises 1. Mean, average, Mode, Range, Variance & SD Panayiotis Skordi 1. A basketball game player has the quest points for seven games 20, 25, 32, 18, 19, 22, 30 Compute the following measures of central location a. mean b. median c. mode Answers a. Meanpic b. Medianpic c. Mode There is no mode. 2. conceptualize the following population of measurements 162, 152, 177, 157, 184, 176, 165, 181, clxx, 163 a. image the mean b. sum up the median Answers a. Meanpic b. Median pic pic 3. The following data represent the number of children in a examine of 10 families from a certain community , 2, 1, 1, 5, 3, 0, 1, 0, 2 a. compute the range b. compute the version c. compute the standard aberrancy Answers a. Range pic b. Variancepic Remember that pic picpicpicpic 14 2. 14. 41 22 0. 10. 01 31-0. 90. 81 41-0. 90. 81 55 3. 19. 61 63 1. 11. 21 70-1. 93. 61 81-0. 90. 81 90-1. 93. 61 102 0. 10. 01 Total1924. 9 pic Method 2pic picpicpic 1416 224 311 411 5525 639 700 811 900 1024 Total1961 pic This is the same answer as we would expect. c. The standard parenthesis is pic 4. Consider the following population of measurements 162, 152, 177, 157, 184, 176, 165, 181, one hundred seventy, 163 a. ompute the standard deviation Answer pic Remember that pic picpicpicpic 1 162 -6. 70 44. 89 2 152 -16. 70 278. 89 3 177 8. 30 68. 89 4 157 -11. 70 136. 89 5 184 15. 30 234. 09 6 176 7. 30 53. 29 7 165 -3. 0 13. 69 8 181 12. 30 151. 29 9 170 1. 30 1. 69 10 163 -5. 70 32. 49 Total 1687. 0 1016. 10 pic The standard deviation is the square root of the segmentation pic Method 2pic picpicpic 1 162 26244 2 152 23104 3 177 31329 4 157 24649 5 184 33856 6 176 30976 7 165 27225 8 181 32761 9 170 28900 10 163 26569 1687 285613 pic As before, the standard deviation is the square root of the variance pic 5. Monthly rent data in dollars for a sample of one-bed get on apartments in a small town in Iowa ar e as follows 220, 216, 220, 205, 210, 240, 195, 235, 204 and 205. a. compute the sample monthly average rent. b. compute the sample median. c. what is the mode? Answers a. Average pic picpic 1 220 2 216 3 220 4 205 5 210 6 240 7 195 8 235 9 204 10 205 2,cl pic b. MEDIAN 195 204 205 205 210 216 220 220 235 240 pic c. MODE205 and 220 (bimodal) 6. A sample of 25 families was asked how many pets they owned. Their responses were summarized in the following table Number of Pets 0 1 2 3 4 5 Number of Families 3 10 5 4 2 1 Determine the mean, median and the mode of the number of pets owned per family. ANSWERS a. MEANpic picpicpicpic 0 3 0 1 10 10 2 5 10 3 4 12 4 2 8 5 1 5 25 45 pic b. MEDIAN1 median is 13th observation. c. MODE 1 or so families have 1 pet. 7.The following data represent the ages in long time of a sample of 25 employees from a government department 31,43,56,23,49,42,33,61,44,28,48,38,44,35,40,64,52,42,47,39,53,27,36,35 and 20. Construct a rela tive frequency distribution for the data, using five class intervals and the nurture 20 as the lower limit of the first class. 20 23 27 28 4 31 33 35 35 36 38 39 7 40 42 42 43 44 44 47 48 49 9 52 53 56 3 61 64 2 Class Limits Frequency comparative Frequency 20 upto 30 4 0. 16 30 upto 40 7 0. 28 40 upto 50 9 0. 36 50 upto 60 3 0. 12 60 upto 70 2 0. 8 25 1. 00 8. How many hours a day do college students spend studying? That question was asked to cytosine college students, and the data are presented in the table below. Hours per DayFrequency 0-225 2-448 4-615 6-89 8-103 a. compute the range b. compute the average hours per day washed-out studying. c. compute the variance of the number of hours per day spent studying d. find the median e. find the mode Answers a. The range is 10-0 = 10 b. Averagepic picpicpicpicpic 1 0-2 25 1 25 2 2-4 48 3 revenue 3 4-6 15 5 75 4 6-8 9 7 63 5 8-10 3 9 27 100 334 pic c. compute the variance of the number of hours per day spent studying pic note that pic picpicpicpicpicpicpic 1 0-2 25 1 -2. 34 5. 4756 136. 89 2 2-4 48 3 -0. 34 0. 1156 5. 488 3 4-6 15 5 1. 66 2. 7556 41. 334 4 6-8 9 7 3. 66 13. 3956 120. 5604 5 8-10 3 9 5. 66 32. 0356 96. 1068 100 53. 7780 400. 4400 pic Method 2 pic picpicpicpicpicpic 1 0-2 25 1 25 25 2 2-4 48 3 144 432 3 4-6 15 5 75 375 4 6-8 9 7 63 441 5 8-10 3 9 27 243 100 334 1516 pic d. mystify the MEDIAN3 e. Find the MODE3 9. The following data is for the daily style grade in $, for staying at various hotels in downtown LA Hotels Offering RateDaily room rate 130 50 1470 690 3110 4130 1150 1170a. Compute the range b. Compute the average daily room rate. c. Compute the variance of the room rate. d. Find the median. e. Find the mode. Answers a. Range 170-30 =one hundred forty b. Averagepicwhere pic picpicpicpic 1 1 30 30 2 7 50 350 3 14 70 980 4 6 90 540 5 3 110 330 6 4 130 520 7 1 150 150 8 1 170 170 37 3070 pic c. Variance of the room rate pic picpicpicpicpicpic 1 1 30 -52. 9730 2806. 1359 2806. 1359 2 7 50 -32. 9730 1087. 2169 7610. 5186 3 14 70 -12. 9730 168. 2980 2356. 1724 4 6 90 7. 0270 49. 3791 296. 747 5 3 110 27. 0270 730. 4602 2191. 3806 6 4 130 47. 0270 2211. 5413 8846. 1651 7 1 150 67. 0270 4492. 6224 4492. 6224 8 1 170 87. 0270 7573. 7034 7573. 7034 37 136. 2162 36172. 9730 picMethod 2 pic picpicpicpicpic 1 1 30 30 900 2 7 50 350 17500 3 14 70 980 68600 4 6 90 540 48600 5 3 110 330 36300 6 4 130 520 67600 7 1 150 150 22500 8 1 170 170 28900 37 3,070 290,900 pic d. Find the MEDIAN70 e. Find the mode70Solutions HmwkISDS-361AExercises 1. Mean, Median, Mode, Range, Variance & SD Panayiotis Skordi 1. A basketball player has the following points for seven games 20, 25, 32, 18, 19, 22, 30 Compute the following measures of central location a. mean b. median c. mode Answers a. Meanpic b. Medianp ic c. Mode There is no mode. 2. Consider the following population of measurements 162, 152, 177, 157, 184, 176, 165, 181, 170, 163 a. compute the mean b. compute the median Answers a. Meanpic b. Median pic pic 3. The following data represent the number of children in a sample of 10 families from a certain community , 2, 1, 1, 5, 3, 0, 1, 0, 2 a. compute the range b. compute the variance c. compute the standard deviation Answers a. Range pic b. Variancepic Remember that pic picpicpicpic 14 2. 14. 41 22 0. 10. 01 31-0. 90. 81 41-0. 90. 81 55 3. 19. 61 63 1. 11. 21 70-1. 93. 61 81-0. 90. 81 90-1. 93. 61 102 0. 10. 01 Total1924. 9 pic Method 2pic picpicpic 1416 224 311 411 5525 639 700 811 900 1024 Total1961 pic This is the same answer as we would expect. c. The standard deviation is pic 4. Consider the following population of measurements 162, 152, 177, 157, 184, 176, 165, 181, 170, 163 a. ompute the standard deviation Answer pic Remember that pic picpicpicpic 1 162 -6. 70 44. 89 2 152 -16. 70 278. 89 3 177 8. 30 68. 89 4 157 -11. 70 136. 89 5 184 15. 30 234. 09 6 176 7. 30 53. 29 7 165 -3. 0 13. 69 8 181 12. 30 151. 29 9 170 1. 30 1. 69 10 163 -5. 70 32. 49 Total 1687. 0 1016. 10 pic The standard deviation is the square root of the variance pic Method 2pic picpicpic 1 162 26244 2 152 23104 3 177 31329 4 157 24649 5 184 33856 6 176 30976 7 165 27225 8 181 32761 9 170 28900 10 163 26569 1687 285613 pic As before, the standard deviation is the square root of the variance pic 5. Monthly rent data in dollars for a sample of one-bedroom apartments in a small town in Iowa are as follows 220, 216, 220, 205, 210, 240, 195, 235, 204 and 205. a. compute the sample monthly average rent. b. compute the sample median. c. what is the mode? Answers a. Average pic picpic 1 220 2 216 3 220 4 205 5 210 6 240 7 195 8 235 9 204 10 205 2,150 pic b. MEDIAN 195 204 205 205 210 216 220 220 235 240 pic c. MODE205 and 220 (bimodal) 6. A sample of 25 families was asked how many pets they owned. Their responses were summarized in the following table Number of Pets 0 1 2 3 4 5 Number of Families 3 10 5 4 2 1 Determine the mean, median and the mode of the number of pets owned per family. ANSWERS a. MEANpic picpicpicpic 0 3 0 1 10 10 2 5 10 3 4 12 4 2 8 5 1 5 25 45 pic b. MEDIAN1 median is 13th observation. c. MODE 1 most families have 1 pet. 7.The following data represent the ages in years of a sample of 25 employees from a government department 31,43,56,23,49,42,33,61,44,28,48,38,44,35,40,64,52,42,47,39,53,27,36,35 and 20. Construct a relative frequency distribution for the data, using five class intervals and the value 20 as the lower limit of the first class. 20 23 27 28 4 31 33 35 35 36 38 39 7 40 42 42 43 44 44 47 48 49 9 52 53 56 3 61 64 2 Class Limits Frequency Relative Frequency 20 upto 30 4 0. 16 30 upto 40 7 0. 28 40 upto 50 9 0. 36 50 upto 60 3 0. 12 60 upto 70 2 0. 8 25 1. 00 8. How many hours a day do college students spend studying? That question was asked to 100 college students, and the data are presented in the table below. Hours per DayFrequency 0-225 2-448 4-615 6-89 8-103 a. compute the range b. compute the average hours per day spent studying. c. compute the variance of the number of hours per day spent studying d. find the median e. find the mode Answers a. The range is 10-0 = 10 b. Averagepic picpicpicpicpic 1 0-2 25 1 25 2 2-4 48 3 144 3 4-6 15 5 75 4 6-8 9 7 63 5 8-10 3 9 27 100 334 pic c. compute the variance of the number of hours per day spent studying pic note that pic picpicpicpicpicpicpic 1 0-2 25 1 -2. 34 5. 4756 136. 89 2 2-4 48 3 -0. 34 0. 1156 5. 488 3 4-6 15 5 1. 66 2. 7556 41. 334 4 6-8 9 7 3. 66 13. 3956 120. 5604 5 8-10 3 9 5. 66 32. 0356 96. 1068 100 53. 7780 400. 4400 pic Method 2 pic picpicpicpicpicpic 1 0-2 25 1 25 25 2 2-4 48 3 144 432 3 4-6 15 5 75 375 4 6-8 9 7 63 441 5 8-10 3 9 27 243 100 334 1516 pic d. Find the MEDIAN3 e. Find the MODE3 9. The following data is for the daily room rate in $, for staying at various hotels in downtown LA Hotels Offering RateDaily room rate 130 50 1470 690 3110 4130 1150 1170a. Compute the range b. Compute the average daily room rate. c. Compute the variance of the room rate. d. Find the median. e. Find the mode. Answers a. Range 170-30 =140 b. Averagepicwhere pic picpicpicpic 1 1 30 30 2 7 50 350 3 14 70 980 4 6 90 540 5 3 110 330 6 4 130 520 7 1 150 150 8 1 170 170 37 3070 pic c. Variance of the room rate pic picpicpicpicpicpic 1 1 30 -52. 9730 2806. 1359 2806. 1359 2 7 50 -32. 9730 1087. 2169 7610. 5186 3 14 70 -12. 9730 168. 2980 2356. 1724 4 6 90 7. 0270 49. 3791 296. 747 5 3 110 27. 0270 730. 4602 2191. 3806 6 4 130 47. 0270 2211. 5413 8846. 1651 7 1 150 67. 0270 4492. 6224 4 492. 6224 8 1 170 87. 0270 7573. 7034 7573. 7034 37 136. 2162 36172. 9730 picMethod 2 pic picpicpicpicpic 1 1 30 30 900 2 7 50 350 17500 3 14 70 980 68600 4 6 90 540 48600 5 3 110 330 36300 6 4 130 520 67600 7 1 150 150 22500 8 1 170 170 28900 37 3,070 290,900 pic d. Find the MEDIAN70 e. Find the mode70

Legal aspects of cultural diversity Essay

heathen smorgasbord is of great essence to any community, just as diversity is important to the living organisms which offer in fact, have a bun in the oven their ecological system adversely affected, lack of heathen diversity chamberpot get hold of to an increase in the risk of economic and political instabilities. This therefore implies that it is in truth important to preserve heathenish diversity. Its preservation, above all conflicts and security concerns has made it to be of much concern in the global arena.For effective integration of the heathen diversity there is need to develop and enact laws that are intended to preserve it so as to continue enjoying its numerous benefits (Heuberger, Gerber, & Anderson, 1999). Legal aspects of cultural diversity A major(ip) fundamental characteristic that is emerging as a result of political space that is increasingly widening globally is not so much due to plurality but as a result of polarity of thoughts coming from different c orners of the globe which vary significantly.The polarity of these ideas naturally corresponds to the cultural diversity of the communities. Polarity does not necessarily lead to increment in the negative direction in the process of social politics. However, there is need to arrive at some values which are useful from this particular development. This therefore means that there should be efforts which are aimed at developing institutional mechanisms, which apart from acknowledging the founding of cultural diversity they also stress on the fundamental consensual principles and values as a basis of any state.The potentiality of such opportunities lies in the enactment of laws intended to safe guard cultural diversity, such laws should be well entrenched in a countrys supreme law, that is, the temperament (Tarver, 1999). The ethnic and cultural diversity is a broad area which can be very problematic should states fail to adequately cater for them in their laws of the land. When ju stly managed, cultural diversity is cap competent of producing positive fruits in the development of institutional structures aimed enhancing integration of various cultures.It is therefore important to note that dealing with ethnic and cultural diversity is not only a sensitive issue but a complex one too. Thus it is of much essence to include almost all the stakeholders while coming up with laws of regulating and governing this diversity. This is very important since if such a process is not well managed the minorities are apt(predicate) to feel remaining out in the development of their nations and hence opposed to its objectives.This can result into anarchy in a country, which can easily lead to tribal conflicts which do not auger well for the economic and political stability of a nation (Mitullah, 2002). The differences in various cultures are not absolute, they can therefore, be mediated positively through a well engineering process of the constitution of the country or oth er laws governing the state. This is a toil that every country should endeavor to accomplish so as to avoid instances of discrimination of minorities. Their values too should be well taken care of and comprehended in a similar manner as those of the majority.Making laws on such basis will ensure that no single culture is left out in the task of nation building as they are all important and each form an integral part of the nation and thus a state cannot function optimally without the inclusion of all the cultures existing within its boundaries (Mitullah, 2002). By the laws properly addressing the issue of cultural diversity the states are probably to be saved from effects of conscious mobilization of people based on their culture and ethnic origins by their elites who are selfish and only enkindle in their political gains as opposed to the greater good of the entire nation. much(prenominal) laws should ensure that there is eradication of political processes in which politicians are able to divide people during the periods of campaigns through ideas of cultural differences instead of policies that are needed by the state in order to develop both democratically and economically and thus liberate the citizens from the handicaps of ethnicity and their respective cultures.The laws should enable the citizens to perceive each culture in the country as an important part in the general development of the nation (Mitullah, 2002). In many countries ethnic or cultural social engineering so as to achieve myopic political goals is a major challenge in attaining credible political and economic stability. Not unless such is adequately addressed several countries will continue suffering and their development objectives delayed.Such short comings can be effectively addressed if there are laws and statutes to cater for cultural diversity so that it can be used to emergence good fruits for these nations as opposed to situations of political and economic instabilities resulti ng from failing to manage cultural diversity in a proper manner (Lewis, 2007) Conclusion Cultural diversity when well managed in any given society is capable of yielding a lot of benefits to the all the nationalities. There is need therefore to ensure that it is well preserved and adequately taken care of so as to realize the benefits of stable economies and political systems.By appreciating cultural diversity the members of the different communities are able to borrow the strong values from other cultures and this will lead to the emergence of a culture that incorporates all the cultural diversities that exist within their limits. This can be effectively addressed in laws and statutes which should be oriented at ensuring that cultural diversity is preserved. Reference Heuberger, B. , Gerber, D. & Anderson, R. (1999) Strength through Cultural Diversity diary Article of Multiculturalism Vol.47, Issue 4. Lewis, M. (2007) Cultural Norms and Political Mobilization Accounting for Local and State-Level Liquor Laws, 1907-1919, Journal of Cultural Geography, Vol. 24, Issue 8. Mitullah, W. V. (2002) Recognising and Respecting Cultural Diversity in the Constitution, Retrieved on 22nd May 2009 from, http//www. commonlii. org/ke/other/KECKRC/2002/5. html. Tarver, M. L. (1999) Law Enforcement Diversity Training And Technology, Retrieved on 22nd May 2009 from, http//aabss. org/journal1999/f13Tarver. html.

Richard Branson

The strong, influential, and ambitious in the flesh(predicate)ity of adventurer and entrepreneur Sir Ric intemperate Branson radiates throughout each of our lives. (Richard Branson, 1999) Richard Branson was born July 18th, 1950, in Surrey, England. He struggled in school and last dropped out at the age of 16. (Sir Richard Branson, 2012) It could be said that Richard Branson is arguably the most victorful high-school dropout in business history. He overcame his battle with dyslexia and eventually became known as a modern entrepreneurial icon. Sir Richard Branson, 2012) Richard Branson exemplifies the idea of the American Dream. In addition to becoming an entrepreneurial success story that crafted an empire from scratch, he has formed an individualism for himself that is comprised of great wealth, international prestige, rugged adventure, and fearless innovation. (Sir Richard Branson, 2012) Richard Branson has proved that he is not afraid to fail, a trait that has been confirmed t hrough some of his business and personal endeavors. (Moir, 2009) LEADERSHIP STYLESRichard Branson has proven that he is a natural born leader. Although he battles dyslexia and struggled through school, he still became a success story by creating a vast business empire by using his weaknesses to his advantage. (Moir, 2009) When examining Bransons history it is clear to see that he has utilized different leading styles throughout the success of his career. Leadership consists of influence, it occurs among people, those individuals purposely desire change, and the change reflects the shared purposes of both go alongers and leading. Entrepreneurship The stark(a) Comp any, 2006) Bransons leadership styles are suggestive of those of the transformation and charismatic leadership theories. Branson is known for his outlandish and flamboyant leadership style. Rather than a hands-on manager, Richard Branson has become known as a charismatic and strategic leader. (Richard Branson Leader Ex traordinaire, 2002) A marked distinction exists between anxiety and leadership at the stark(a) root word. Transformational leadership stems from the top-level executives and managers within the association.Branson along with other company executives have defined more common goals for the business to accomplish as a whole. (Carmichael, 2005) These goals consist of the utilization of new technology, expansion into international markets, customer loyalty, and joint business ventures. These types of goals are do known to all people associated with the company. This has become a great benefit to the company by giving every person involved a military mission to accomplish. (Carmichael, 2005). The top tier of management promotes employees to leverage their skills in ways that will benefit the company the most.The purpose for this is to promote the philosophy that the overall benefit of the company will result in greater benefits for each individual involved. Rewards for shareholders , executives, employees, managers, and customers alike are obtained by through group contribution. (Management and Leadership of Richard Branson at Virgin throng Ltd, 2008) Leading is believed to be the most distinguished and interesting function of management within the Virgin Group. Leadership dynamics begin with Richard Branson. Being a birdcall and outgoing leader, his mission is to encourage his employees to work to their full potential for the benefit of the company.He advertises his belief that contributions to the good of the business will reap more rewards for everybody involved. (Management and Leadership of Richard Branson at Virgin Group Ltd, 2008) Branson has said that he attempts to bring out the best of his employees at all levels within the company. Management is expected to embrace this philosophy and chair it on to their subordinates. Richard Bransons leadership style also consists of giving people a great level of freedom in their work. (Carmichael, 2005) Bran sons goal is to nominate them direction in their duties, enabling them to take control of the situation thereafter.The freedom they are allowed in their work gives them an opportunity to excel without micromanagement. Bransons company mass and leadership style has helped him become the center of attention within business and management discussions on a global scale. (Management and Leadership of Richard Branson at Virgin Group Ltd, 2008) RECOMMENDED LEADERSHIP STYLE Richard Branson is an exceptional leader. Richard Bransons management and leadership style can help teach us all. He has created a unique management style that has enabled the Virgin Company to achieve long term success.Although there is a marked distinction between leadership and management, the Virgin Company has achieved the integrating of each in many aspects of the business. (Management and Leadership of Richard Branson at Virgin Group Ltd, 2008) Transformational leadership has become an essential tool for manage rs, executives, and workers as well. His leadership styles have prone employees the desire to work together in an effort to better the company so they may reach their own personal goals. (Management and Leadership of Richard Branson at Virgin Group Ltd, 2008) Richard Branson is the definition of what a leader is.There has been no research found that suggests that Bransons leadership is anything other than exemplary. Why fix something that is not broken? development A GLOBAL TEAM Branson is constantly challenging his teams with new innovations, ideas, and ventures. (Branson, 2011) Richard Branson believes that forming a solid business foundation for the future is important attracting investors, getting the contract correct, hiring aggregate team members, selecting the best suppliers. (Branson, Richard Branson on thought Big, 2012) He would make sure that his teams have the correct tools for success. RICHARD BRANSON The tools to succeed, the time to thrive, 2011) Branson would pr ioritize his staff first, gather information from them, and follow up on their suggestions and ideas. Branson would make sure the details of the business venture would be sorted out with his employees and he would consider the challenges his employees may face including any improvements they would like to employ to secure the projects success, keeping in mind that the ultimate beneficiaries will be the bottom line and the customers. (Branson, Richard Branson on Thinking Big, 2012) LEADERSHIP QUALITIES IN CURRENT ROLERichard Bransons leadership practices can aid in the development of my own management and interpersonal skills. In my watercourse position as the Executive Assistant to the County Administrator, I work closely with department directors and managers, as well as their support staff. When working on projects with County employees it is important for me to remember to assemble a great team, one with vision and passion. I need to remember that the employees are not just the resources of the County, but they are the County.It is their hard work and dedication that makes this County what it is. It is important to foster employees development by recognizing their accomplishments and giving praise. CONCLUSION Richard Branson has a refreshingly unique opinion of leadership making it docile to understand why people enjoy working for him. (Richard Branson, 1999) Branson believes the best leaders listen and continue to learn even after they have become leaders and learned to successfully delegate. Great leaders get in front and arent scared to fight for their beliefs.Branson is a man who balances work and personal affairs, enjoys what he does, is fair and does not tolerate dirty tricks, and who leads from the front of a team of people who are dedicated to him because they understand he honestly cares about them and the companies he owns. (Enderle, 2011) References Richard Branson. (1999, December). Retrieved February 2012, 14, from Askmen. com http//www. ask men. com/celebs/men/december99/6_richard_branson. html Richard Branson Leader Extraordinaire. (2002). Retrieved February 14, 2012, from IBS Center for Management Research http//www. cmrindia. org/casestudies/catalogue/Leadership%20and%20Entrepreneurship/Richard%20Branson-Herb%20Kelleher-Leader%20Extraordinaire-Leadership%20and%20Entrepreneurship-Case%20Study. htm Entrepreneurship The Virgin Company. (2006, March 31). Retrieved February 14, 2012, from WriteWork. com http//www. writework. com/essay/entrepreneurship-virgin-group Management and Leadership of Richard Branson at Virgin Group Ltd. (2008). Retrieved February 2012, 2014, from UPX Success http//www. upxsuccess. com/leadership_richard_branson. tml RICHARD BRANSON The tools to succeed, the time to thrive. (2011, November 7). Retrieved February 14, 2012, from Business Day http//www. businessday. co. za/articles/Content. aspx? id=158028 Sir Richard Branson. (2012). Retrieved February 14, 2012, from Bigraphy. com http//www. biogr aphy. com/people/richard-branson-9224520 Branson, R. (2011, May 4). Richard Branson on Self-Motivation. Retrieved February 14, 2012, from Entrepreneur. com http//www. entrepreneur. com/article/219563 Branson, R. (2012, January 17). Richard Branson on Thinking Big. Retrieved February

Evolution of Microprocessor

Ameri provide University CSIS 550 History of Computing Professor Tim Bergin Technology look Paper Microprocessors Beatrice A. Muganda AU ID 0719604 May 3, 2001 -2- EVOLUTION OF THE MICROPROCESSOR INTRODUCTION The Collegiate Webster dictionary describes microprocessor as a figurer processor contained on an incorporate-circuit cow dung. In the mid-seventies, a microprocessor was delineate as a central processing building block (CPU) realized on a LSI (large-scale integration) second, operating at a measure frequency of 1 to 5 MHz and constituting an 8-bit dodging (Heffer, 1986).It was a angiotensin-converting enzyme comp one(a)nt having the ability to perform a wide variety of different functions. Because of their relatively low cost and low-pitched size, the microprocessors permitted the use of digital figurers in many an other(prenominal) atomic number 18as where the use of the preceding mainframeand even minicomputers would not be practical and affordable (Computer, 1996 ). Many non-technical people touch microprocessors with entirely PCs yet thither are thousands of appliances that have a microprocessor embedded in them telephone, dishwasher, microwave, quantify radio, etc. In these items, the microprocessor acts primarily as a restrainer and may not be cognise to the substance abuser.The Breakthrough in Microprocessors The wobbleing units in computers that were utilize in the early 1940s were the mechanical relays. These were winds that opened and unlikeable as they did the calculations. Such mechanical relays were used in Zuses machines of the 1930s. -3- Come the 1950s, and the vacuum tubes took over. The Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) used vacuum tubes as its switching units rather than relays. The switch from mechanical relay to vacuum tubes was an important scientific advance as vacuum tubes could perform calculations considerably faster and more(prenominal) efficient than relay machines.However, this techno logical advance was s hort-lived because the tubes could not be made sm altoge at that placer than they were being made and had to be placed close to each other because they generated heat (Freiberger and Swaine, 1984). therefore came the electronic transistor which was ack in a flashledged as a revolutionary development. In Fire in the Valley, the authors describe the transistor as a device which was the forget of a series of developments in the applications of physics. The transistor changed the computer from a giant electronic brain to a commodity like a TV set.This re youthfuling was awarded to three scientists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley. As a result of the technological breakthrough of transistors, the introduction of minicomputers of the 1960s and the personal computer revolution of the 1970s was made possible. However, researchers did not stop at transistors. They wanted a device that could perform more complex tasksa device that could integrate a number of transistors into a more complex circuit. Hence, the terminology, integrated circuits or ICs.Because physi battle cryy they were tiny check-out procedures of silicon, they came to be also referred to as chips. Initially, the demand for ICs was typically the military and aerospace -4- industries which were great users of computers and who were the only industries that could afford computers (Freiberger and Swaine, 1984). Later, Marcian Ted Hoff, an get up at Intel, developed a sophisticated chip. This chip could extract data from its memory board and interpret the data as an development. The term that evolved to describe such a device was microprocessor.Therefore, the term microprocessor first came into use at Intel in 1972 (Noyce, 1981). A microprocessor was nothing more than an extension of the arithmetic and logic IC chips corporating more functions into one chip (Freiberger and Swaine, 1984). Today, the term still refers to an LSI single-chip processor capable of carrying out many of the basic operations of a digital computer. Infact, the microprocessors of the belatedly eighties and early nineties are full-sclae 32-bit and 32-bit address systems, operating at clock cycles of 25 to 50 MHz (Heffer, 1986).What led to the development of microprocessors? As stated above, microprocessors essentially evolved from mechanical relays to integrated circuits. It is important to illustrate here what aspects of the computing industry led to the development of microprocessors. (1) Digital computer technology In the History of Computing class, we studied, throughout the semester, how the computer industry learned how to crystalize large, complex digital computers capable of processing more data and also how to build and use picayuneer, less -5- expensive computers.The digital computer technology had been growing steadily since the late 1940s. (2) Semiconductors Like the digital computer technology, semiconductors had also been growing steadily since the invention of the tra nsistor in the late 1940s. The 1960s saw the integrated circuit develop from just a few transistors to many complicated tasks, all of the same chip. (3) The calculator industry It appears as if this industry grew overnight during the 1970s from the simplest of four-function calculators to very complex programmable scientific and financial machines.From all this, one idea became obviousif there was an inexpensive digital computer, there would be no need to keep designing different, specialized integrated circuits. The inexpensive digital computer could simply be reprogrammed to perform whatever was the latest brainstorm, and there would be the new product (Freiberger and Swaine, 1984). The development of microprocessors weed be attri aloneed to when, in the early 1970s, digital computers and integrated circuits reached the required directs of capability.However, the early microprocessor did not spiel all the goals it was too expensive for many applications, especially those in th e consumer market, and it -6- could not hold enough knowledge to perform many of the tasks being handled by the minicomputers of that magazine. How a microprocessor full treatment According to Krutz (1980), a microprocessor executes a collection of machine informations that tell the processor what to do. Based on the instructions, a microprocessor does three basic things exploitation its ALU (Arithmetic/Logic Unit), a microprocessor basin perform mathsematical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.Modern microprocessors contain complete floating speckle processors that can perform highly sophisticated operations on large floating point numbers. A microprocessor can move data from one memory location to another. A microprocessor can make decisions and jump to a new set of instructions based on those decisions. There may be very sophisticated things that a microprocessor does, but those are its three basic activities. Put simply, it fetches instr uctions from memory, interprets (decodes) them, and then executes whatever functions the instructions direct.For example, if the microprocessor is capable of 256 different operations, there must be 256 different instruction words. When fetched, each instruction word is interpreted differently than any of the other 255. Each type of microprocessor has a unique instruction set (Short, 1987). -7- Archictecture of a microprocessor This is around as simple as a microprocessor gets. It has the following characteristics an address bus (that may be 8, 16 or 32 bits wide) that sends an address to memory a data bus (that may be 8, 16 or 32 bits wide) that can send data to memory or receive data from memory RD (Read) and WR (Write) line to tell the memory whether it wants to set or get the addressed location a clock line that lets a clock pulse period the processor and a reset line that resets the program counter to zero (or whatever) and restarts execution. A typical microprocessor, th erefore, consists of logical ingredientsenable it to function as a programmable logic processor program counter, stack, and instruction registerprovide for the management of a program the ALUprovide for the manipulation of data and a decoder & timing and view unitspecify and coordinate the operation of other components.The connection of the microprocessors to other unitsmemory and I/O devicesis done with the Address, Data, and control buses. -8- Generation of microprocessors Microprocessors were categorized into cardinal contemporariess first, second, third, fourth, and fifth multiplications. Their characteristics are described below First-generation The microprocessors that were introduced in 1971 to 1972 were referred to as the first generation systems. First-generation microprocessors processed their instructions seriallythey fetched the instruction, decoded it, then executed it.When an instruction was completed, the microprocessor updated the instruction pointer and fetched the undermentioned instruction, performing this sequential drill for each instruction in turn. Second generation By the late 1970s (specifically 1973), enough transistors were operational on the IC to usher in the second generation of microprocessor sophistication 16-bit arithmetic and pipelined instruction processing. Motorolas MC68000 microprocessor, introduced in 1979, is an example. Another example is Intels 8080. This generation is defined by overlapped fetch, decode, and execute steps (Computer 1996).As the first instruction is processed in the execution unit, the second instruction is decoded and the third instruction is fetched. The distinction amidst the first and second generation devices was primarily the use of newer semiconductor technology to fabricate the chips. This new -9- technology resulted in a five-fold increase in instruction, execution, speed, and higher(prenominal) chip densities. Third generation The third generation, introduced in 1978, was represented by Intels 8086 and the Zilog Z8000, which were 16-bit processors with minicomputer-like performance.The third generation came about as IC transistor counts approached 250,000. Motorolas MC68020, for example, incorporated an on-chip cache for the first time and the depth of the pipeline increased to five or more stages. This generation of microprocessors was different from the previous ones in that all major workstation manufacturers began developing their own reduced instruction set computer-based microprocessor architectures (Computer, 1996). Fourth generation As the workstation companies converted from commercial microprocessors to in-house designs, microprocessors entered their fourth generation with designs surpassing a one million million transistors.Leading-edge microprocessors such as Intels 80960CA and Motorolas 88100 could issue and retire more than one instruction per clock cycle (Computer, 1996). Fifth generation Microprocessors in their fifth generation, employed decoup led superior scalar processing, and their design soon surpassed 10 million transistors. In this 10 generation, PCs are a low-margin, high-volume-business dominated by a single microprocessor (Computer, 1996). Companies associated with microprocessorsOverall, Intel Corporation dominated the microprocessor area even though other companies like Texas Instruments, Motorola, etc also introduced some microprocessors. Listed below are the microprocessors that each company created. (A) Intel As indicated previously, Intel Corporation dominated the microprocessor technology and is generally acknowledged as the company that introduced the microprocessor successfully into the market. Its first microprocessor was the 4004, in 1971. The 4004 took the integrated circuit one step further by ocating all the components of a computer (CPU, memory and input and output controls) on a minuscule chip. It evolved from a development effort for a calculator chip set. Previously, the IC had had to be man ufactured to fit a special purpose, now only one microprocessor could be manufactured and then programmed to meet any number of demands. The 4004 microprocessor was the central component in a four-chip set, called the 4004 Family 4001 2,048-bit ROM, a 4002 320-bit RAM, and a 4003 10-bit I/O shift register. The 4004 had 46 instructions, using only 2,300 transistors in a 16-pin DIP.It ran at a clock rate of 11 740kHz (eight clock cycles per CPU cycle of 10. 8 microseconds)the original goal was 1MHz, to allow it to compute BCD arithmetic as fast (per digit) as a 1960s era IBM 1620 (Computer, 1996). Following in 1972 was the 4040 which was an enhanced version of the 4004, with an additional 14 instructions, 8K program space, and interrupt abilities (including shadows of the first 8 registers). In the same year, the 8008 was introduced. It had a 14-bit PC. The 8008 was mean as a terminal controller and was quite similar to the 4040.The 8008 increased the 4004s word length from four to eight bits, and doubled the volume of information that could be processed (Heath, 1991). In April 1974, 8080, the successor to 8008 was introduced. It was the first device with the speed and big businessman to make the microprocessor an important tool for the designer. It quickly became accepted as the bill 8-bit machine. It was the first Intel microprocessor announced before it was actually available. It represented such an improvement over existing designs that the company wanted to give customers adequate lead time to design the part into new products.The use of 8080 in personal computers and small business computers was initiated in 1975 by MITSs Altair microcomputer. A kit selling for $395 enabled many individuals to have computers in their own homes (Computer, 1996). Following closely, in 1976, was 8048, the first 8-bit single-chip microcomputer. It was also knowing as a microcontroller rather than a microprocessorlow cost and small size was the main goal. For this reas on, data was stored on-chip, while program code was external. The 8048 was eventually replaced by the very popular but bizarre 8051 and 8052 12 (available with on-chip program ROMs).While the 8048 used 1-byte instructions, the 8051 had a more flexible 2-byte instruction set, eight 8-bit registers plus an accumulator A. Data space was 128 bytes and could be annoyed directly or indirectly by a register, plus another 128 above that in the 8052 which could only be narked indirectly ( ordinarily for a stack) (Computer, 1996). In 1978, Intel introduced its high-performance, 16-bit MOS processorthe 8086. This microprocessor exserted power, speed, and features far beyond the second-generation machines of the mid-70s. It is said that the personal computer revolution did not really start until the 8088 processor was created.This chip became the most ubiquitous in the computer industry when IBM chose it for its first PC (Frieberger and Swaine, 1984 ). In 1982, the 80286 (also known as 286 ) was next and was the first Intel processor that could exsert all the software written for its predecessor, the 8088. Many novices were introduced to desktop computing with a 286 machine and it became the dominant chip of its time. It contained 130,000 transistors. In 1985, the first multi-tasking chip, the 386 (80386) was created. This multitasking ability allowed Windows to do more than one function at a time.This 32-bit microprocessor was designed for applications requiring high CPU performance. In addition to providing access to the 32-bit world, the 80386 addressed 2 other important issues it provided system-level support to systems designers, and it was object-code compatible with the entire family of 8086 microprocessors (Computer, 1996 ). The 80386 was made up of 6 functional units (i) execution unit (ii) segment unit (iii) page unit (iv) decode unit (v) bus unit and (vi) prefetch unit. The 80386 had 13 34 registers divided into such categories as general-purpose registe rs, debug registers, and test registers.It had 275,000 transistors (Noyce, 1981). The 486 (80486) generation of chips really advanced the point-and-click revolution. It was also the first chip to quip a built-in math coprocessor, which gave the central processor the ability to do complex math calculations. The 486 had more than a million transistors. In 1993, when Intel lost a bid to trademark the 586, to protect its brand from being copied by other companies, it coined the name Pentium for its next generation of chips and there began the Pentium seriesPentium Classic, Pentium II, III and currently, 4. (B)Motorola The MC68000 was the first 32-bit microprocessor introduced by Motorola in early 1980s. This was followed by higher levels of functionality on the microprocessor chip in the MC68000 series. For example, MC68020, introduced later, had 3 multiplication as many transistors, was about three times as big, and was significantly faster. Motorola 68000 was one of the second genera tion systems that was developed in 1973. It was known for its graphics capabilities. The Motorola 88000 (originally named the 78000) is a 32-bit processor, one of the first load-store CPUs based on a Harvard Architecture (Noyce, 1981). C) Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) 14 In March 1974, Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) announced it would offer a series of microprocessor modules built around the Intel 8008. (D) Texas Instruments (TI) A precursor to these microprocessors was the 16-bit Texas Instruments 1900 microprocessor which was introduced in 1976. The Texas Instruments TMS370 is similar to the 8051, another of TIs creations. The only difference between the both was the addition of a B accumulator and some 16-bit support. Microprocessors TodayTechnology has been changing at a rapid pace. Everyday a new product is made to make life history a little easier. The computer plays a major role in the lives of most people. It allows a person to do practically anything. The Int ernet enables the user to gain more knowledge at a some(prenominal) faster pace compared to researching through books. The portion of the computer that allows it to do more work than a simple computer is the microprocessor. Microprocessor has brought electronics into a new era and caused component manufacturers and end-users to rethink the role of the computer.What was once a giant machine attended by specialists in a room of its own is now a tiny device conveniently transparent to users of automobile, games, instruments, office equipment, and a large array of other products. 15 From their humble beginnings 25 years ago, microprocessors have proliferated into an astounding range of chips, powering devices ranging from telephones to supercomputers (PC Magazine, 1996). Today, microprocessors for personal computers get widespread attentionand have enabled Intel to become the worlds largest semiconductor maker.In addition, embedded microprocessors are at the heart of a diverse range of devices that have become staples of affluent consumers worldwide. The impact of the microprocessor, however, goes far deeper than new and improved products. It is altering the structure of our rescript by changing how we gather and use information, how we communicate with one another, and how and where we work. Computer users want fast memory in their PCs, but most do not want to pay a premium for it. Manufacturing of microprocessors Economical manufacturing of microprocessors requires mass production.Microprocessors are constructed by depositing and removing thin molds of conducting, insulating, and semiconducting materials in hundreds of separate steps. Nearly every layer must be patterned accurately into the shape of transistors and other electronic elements. Usually this is done by photolithography, which projects the pattern of the electronic circuit onto a culture that changes when exposed to light. Because these patterns are smaller than the shortest wavelength of visib le light, short wavelength ultraviolet radiation must be used. Microprocessor features 16 are so small and precise that a single speck of dust can destroy the microprocessor. Microprocessors are made in filtered clean rooms where the air may be a million times cleaner than in a typical home (PC World, 2000)). Performance of microprocessors The number of transistors available has a huge effect on the performance of a processor. As seen earlier, a typical instruction in a processor like an 8088 took 15 clock cycles to execute. Because of the design of the multiplier, it took approximately 80 cycles just to do one 16-bit multiplication on the 8088.With more transistors, much more powerful multipliers capable of single-cycle speeds become possible ( ). More transistors also allow a technology called pipelining. In a pipelined architecture, instruction execution overlaps. So even though it might take 5 clock cycles to execute each instruction, there can be 5 instructions in various stag es of execution simultaneously. That government agency it looks like one instruction completes every clock cycle (PC World, 2001). Many modern font processors have multiple instruction decoders, each with its own pipeline.This allows multiple instruction streams, which means more than one instruction can complete during each clock cycle. This technique can be quite complex to implement, so it takes lots of transistors. The trend in processor design has been toward full 32-bit ALUs with fast floating point processors built in and pipelined execution with multiple instruction streams. There has also been a tendency toward special instructions (like the MMX 17 instructions) that make certain operations particularly efficient. There has also been the addition of hardware virtual memory support and L1 caching on the processor chip.All of these trends push up the transistor count, leading to the multi-million transistor powerhouses available today. These processors can execute about on e billion instructions per second (PC World, 2000) ) With all the different types of Pentium microprocessors, what is the difference? Three basic characteristics stand out Instruction set The set of instructions that the microprocessor can execute. bandwidth The number of bits processed in a single instruction. clock speed Given in megacycle (MHz), the clock speed determines how many instructions per second the processor can execute.In addition to bandwidth and clock speed, microprocessors are classified as being either RISC (reduced instruction set computer) or CISC (complex instruction set computer). 18 Other uses of microprocessors There are many uses for microprocessors in the world today. Most appliances make around the house are operated by microprocessors. Most modern factories are fully automatedthat means that most jobs are done by a computer. Automobiles, trains, subways, planes, and even taxi services require the use of many microprocessors. In short, there are mic roprocessors everywhere you go. Another common place to find microprocessors is a car.This is especially applicable to sports cars. There are numerous uses for a microprocessor in cars. First of all, it controls the warning LED signs. Whenever there is a problem, low crude oil, for example, it has detectors that tell it that the oil is below a certain amount. It then reaches over and starts blinking the LED until the problem is fixed. Another use is in the suspension system. A processor, controls the amount of draw applied to keep the car leveled. During turns, a processor, slows down the wheels on the inner side of the curb and speeds them up on the outside to keep the speed immutable and make a smooth turn.An interesting story appeared in the New York Times dated April 16 and goes to show that theres no put to what microprocessors can do and that resarchers and scientists are not stopping at the current uses of microprocessors. The next time the milk is low in the refrigerator , the grocery store may deliver a new gallon before it is entirely gone. Masahiro Sone, who lives in Raleigh, N. C. , has won a patent for a refrigerator with an inventory processing system that keeps track of what is inside 19 and what is about to run out and can ring up the grocery store to order more (NY Times, 2001).Where is the industry of microprocessors pass? Almost immediately after their introduction, microprocessors became the heart of the personal computer. Since then, the improvements have come at an amazing pace. The 4004 ran at 108 kHzthats kilohertz, not megahertzand processed only 4 bits of data at a time. Todays microprocessors and the computers that run on them are thousands of times faster. Effectively, theyve come pretty close to fulfilling Moores Law (named after Intel cofounder Gordon Moore), which states that the number of transistors on a chip volition double every 18 months or so.Performance has increased at nearly the same rate (PC Magazine, 1998 ). Can the pace carry on? Well, nothing can increase forever. But according to Gerry Parker, Intels executive vice chair in charge of manufacturing, we are far from the end of the line in terms of microprocessor performance. In fact, were constantly seeing new advances in technology, one example being new forms of lithography that let designers position electronic components nestled and closer together on their chips. Processors are created now using a 0. 35-micron process.But next year well see processors created at 0. 25 microns, with 0. 18 and 0. 13 microns to be introduced in the years to come. (PC Magainze, 1998) However, its not just improvements in lithography and density that can boost performance. Designers can create microprocessors with more layers of metal tying 20 together the transistors and other circuit elements. The more layers, the more compact the design. But these ultracompact microprocessors are also harder to manufacture and validate. New chip designs take up l ess space, resulting in more chips per wafer.The original Pentium (60/66 MHz) was 294 square millimeters, then it was 164 square millimeters (75/90/100 MHz), and now its 91 square millimeters (133- to 200-MHz versions) (PC Magazine, 1998). When will all this end? Interestingly, it may not be the natural limits of technology that will eventually refute Moores Law. Instead, its more likely to be the cost of each successive generation. Every new level of advancement costs more as fashioning microprocessor development is a hugely capital-intensive business. Currently, a fabrication plant with the capacity to create about 40,000 wafers a month costs some $2 billion.And the rapid pace of innovations means equipment can become obsolete in just a few years. Still, there are ways of cutting some costs, such as converting from todays 8-inch silicon wafers to larger, 300-mm (roughly 12inch) wafers, which can produce 2. 3 times as many chips per wafer as those now in use. Moving to 300-mm wafe rs will cost Intel about $500 million in initial capital. Still, nothing lasts forever. As Parker notes, the PC industry is built on the assumption that we can get more and more out of the PC with each generation, keep costs in check, and continue adding more value.We will run out of money before we run out of technology. When we cant hold costs down anymore, then it will be a different business (PC Magazine, 1998). At the beginning of last year, the buzz was about PlayStation 2 and the Emotion Engine processor that would run it. Developed by Sony and Toshiba, 21 experts predicted the high-tech processor would offer unprecedented gaming power and more importantly, could provide the processing power for the PlayStation 2 to challenge cheap PCs as the entry-level device of choice for home access to the Web.PlayStation2 is equipped with the 295MHz MIPS-based Emotion engine, Sonys own CPU designed with Toshiba Corp. , a 147MHz graphics processor that renders 75 million pixels per seco nd, a DVD player, an IEEE 1394 serial connection, and two USB ports. Sony will use DVD discs for game titles and gives consumers the option of using the product for gaming, DVD movie playing and eventually Web surfing (PC World, 2000). Soon, instead of catching up on the news via radio or a newspaper on the way to work, commuters may soon be watching it on a hand-held computer or cell phone.Early January this year, Toshiba America Electronic Components announced its TC35273XB chip. The chip has 12Mb of integrated memory and an encoder and decoder for MPEG-4, an audio-video compression standard. According to Toshiba, the integrated memory is what sets this chip apart from others. With integrated memory, the chip consumes less power, making it a good fit for portable gadgets. This chip is designed to specifically address the issues of battery life which can be very short with portable devices.The chip will have a RISC processor at its core and running at a clock speed of 70MHz (PC Wo rld, 2000). Toshiba anticipates that samples of this chip will be released to manufacturers in the second quarter, and mass production will follow in the third quarter. concisely after this release, new handheld computers and cell phones using the chip and offering streaming media will be expected (CNET news). 22 It is reported in CNET news, that in February this year, IBM started a program to use the Internet to speed custom-chip design, bolstering its unit that makes semiconductors for other companies.IBM, one of the biggest makers of application-specific chips, would set up a system so that chip designs are placed in a secure environment on the Web, where a customers design team and IBM engineers would collaborate on the blueprints and make changes in real time. invention custom chips, which are used to provide unique features that standard processors dont offer, requires time-consuming exchanges of details between the clients that provide a basic framework and the IBM employ ees who do the back-end work. using the Internet will speed the process and make plans more accurate.IBM figures that since their customers ask for better turnaround time and better customer satisfaction, this would be one way to tackle this. As a pilot program, this service was to be offered to a set of particular, selected customers initially, and then would include customers who design the so-called system-on-a-chip devices that combine several functions on one chip (CNET news). A new microprocessor unveiled in February 2000 by Japans NEC, offers high-capacity performance while only consuming small amounts of power, making it ideal for use in mobile devices.This prototype could serve as the model for future mobile processors. The MP98 processor contains four microprocessors on the same chip that work together in such a way that they can be switched on and off depending on the job in hand. For example, a single processor can be used to handle easy jobs, such as data entry, throug h a keypad, while more can be brought 23 online as the task demands, with all four working on tasks such as processing video. This gives designers of portable devices the best of both worldslow power consumption and high capacity (PC World, 2000).However, it should be noted that the idea of putting several processors together on a single chip is not new as both IBM and Sun Microsystems have developed similar devices. The only difference is that MP98 is the first working example of a fine grain device that offers better performance. Commercial products based on this technology are likely to be seen around 2003 (PCWorld, 2000). In PCWorld, it was reported that, last September, a Japanese tooth doctor received U. S. and Japanese patents for a method of planting a microchip into a false tooth.The one-chip microprocessor embedded in a plate denture can be detected using a radio transmitter-receiver, allowing its owner to be identified. This is useful in senior citizens home where all dentures are usually collected from their owners after meals, washed together and returned. In such a case, it is important to identify all the dentures to give back to their correct owners without any mistake (PC World, 2000). In March this year, Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) launched its 1. 3-GHz Athlon processor. Tests on this processor indicated that its speed surpassed Intels 1. GHz Pentium 4. The Athlon processor has a 266-MHz front side bus that works with systems that use 266-MHz memory. The price starts from $2,988 (PCWorld, 2001). Intels Pentium 4, which was launched in late 2000, is designed to provide blazing speedespecially in handling multimedia content. Dubbed Intel NetBurst 24 Micro-architecture, it is designed to speed up applications that send data in bursts, such as screaming media, MP3 playback, and video compression. Even before the dust had settled on NetBurst, Intel released its much awaited 1. GHz Pentium 4 processor on Monday, April 23. The is said to be t he companys highest-performance microprocessor for desktops. Currently priced at $325 in 1,000 unit quantities. The vice president and general manager of Intel was quoted as saying, the Pentium 4 processor is destined to become the center of the digital world. Whether encoding video and MP3 files, doing financial analysis, or experiencing the latest earnings technologiesthe Pentium 4 processor is designed to meet the needs of all users (PC World, 2001).Gordon Moore, co-founder of Intel, over thirty years ago, announced that the number of transistors that can be placed on a silicon would double every two years. Intel maintains that it has remained true since the release of its first processors, the 4004, in 1971. The competition to determine who has produced the fastest and smallest processor between Intel and AMD continues. Infact, Intel Corp. predicts that PC chips will climb to more than 10GHz from todays 1GHz standard by the year 2011. However, researchers are paying increasing attention to software.Thats because new generations of software, especially computing-intensive user interfaces, will call for processors with expanded capabilities and performance.

Oppression: a Comparative Literary Analysis

Oppression A Comparative Literary Analysis There has been an ongoing battle inside trends in society, and continues as time evolves and revolutions occur. Such battles include issues of oppression be it in marriages, families, or in society as a whole. Two particular stories that tackle these issues within the idea of oppression include The fib of an Hour by Kate Chopin, and One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest by Ken Kesey. While Chopins story deals with how women are expected to conform by societys standards, Keseys piece argues how men are feeling emasculated from the pressures of society in whole.Such major similarities and difference these two have with one an opposite include dealings with marriage, the desire for individualism and nonconformity, and the issues with gender norms. Now Kate Chopins The Story of an Hour is a short story of a woman who, because of her husbands supposed death, realizes her newfound freedom and independence. One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest, on the other ha nd, is a novel set at a psychiatric hospital located in Oregon, with characters including Chief Bromden, one of the protagonists and the narrator, who is half aborigine American and pretends to be deaf and mute.There is also Randle McMurphy, who is the other protagonist and a rebellious convict sent from prison. The plot concerns itself with McMurphys interaction with the other patients in the ward along with those who run it. From then on he comes up with events for the patients to participate in, with the intention of making them stand up for themselves against societys pressure. Initially he thinks that being in a psychiatric institution is an easy way out compared to prison, however in the end he violently thrashes against Nurse Ra.

8 Themes of Ap Biology Relating to the Cell Membrane

8 themes of biology relating to the kioskular phone tissue layer Science as a process Science is a process which encompasses many methods in order to reach a final conclusion. This relates to the jail cell tissue layer because it carries out many processes to reach a final product. For example, the cell membrane forms a barrier between the inside of the cell and the outside, so that the chemical environments on the two sides kitty be different. The cell controls those differences to optimize the working of the organelles inside the cytoplasm.The cell alike causes brief changes in the internal environment by merchant vesselsing proteins and other substantives across the membrane. These changes are the ways in which the cell responds to its environment. All these functions work together as a process to keep the cell happy. organic evolution The early cell membranes purpose was to enclose genetic material and protect it from the environ environment. The evolution of a membran e surrounding the genetic material provided two huge advantages the products of the genetic material could be kept close by and the internal environment of this proto-cell could be different than the external environment.This find would have jump-started evolution to an organism much like a groundbreaking bacterium. Also, the modification of many membrane properties throughout millions of years made it possible for new evolutionary forces to show themselves in eukaryotes, dealing with the mien of cholesterol in the cell membrane directly associated to protein thermo stability. Energy Transfer The cell membrane participates in energy transfer with active transport. The cell membrane moves molecules against the concentration gradient from low concentration to full(prenominal) concentration.This function requires energy, or ATP, to carry out the process. At times, the cell membrane uses a protein pump to origin the molecules for easier transport. Two types of active transport the cell completes are antiport and symport. To transport large molecules through the membrane, the cell membrane uses vesicles. Those vesicles transport the material to the necessary organelle which will eventually turn the material into usable ATP. perseverance and Change All species tend to maintain themselves from generation to generation using the same genetic code.However, in that location are genetic mechanisms that lead to change over time, or mutations. Cystic fibrosis is a product of a mutation in the cell membrane. Cystic fibrosis results from the mutation of a gene coding for a trans-membrane protein regularisation chloride ion transport across the cell membrane. This multisystem disease cripples children and leads to early death. This mutation represents the changes found in the cell membrane, hardly the cell membrane has been doing the same job for millions of years with slight changes. Relationship of Structure to FunctionThe cell membrane structure depends on its fun ction to hold the shape of the cell and to regulate the traffic of the cell. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer which acts as a semi-permeable membrane, various proteins which carry out molecule transfer and certain active transport jobs, carbohydrates, and cholesterol. The shape of the cell membrane all depends on the environment inside the cell. Regulation The cell membrane regulates the traffic of the cell. It is semi-permeable which means it allows diffusion for only certain molecules.It regulates what introduces the cell and defends against diseases that may want to enter the cell as well. It withal regulates the shape of the cell and holds it together. The membrane is one of the most of import structures in a cell. Interdependence in nature The cell membrane not only regulates the traffic of the cell, but is in addition the liaison for communication outside the cell. The membrane includes receptor protiens which aid in communication between cells. The receptor protiens receive specific chemical signals from neighboring cells or the proteins environment. These signals tell a cell to perform a certain job.It could tell a cell to divide or die, or to allow certain molecules to enter or exit the cell. Science, technology, and society The study of the cell membrane has further increased our knowledge of the modern cell. We can now fully understand its parts and create valid conclusions of its structure and function. Society can benefit from this because they can be fully aware what is happening in the life around them and also in themselves. The cell membrane is one of the most important structures of the cell and has a very important role in an organism-to keep it healthy and functioning.

Conceptual Cognition and Problem Solving Styles Essay

The article Thinking found in the northeasterly University Website presents insights regarding conceptual scholarship and problem solution skills. It claims that although people may engender similar concepts, we differ from from each one other by our conceptual cognition and problem solving styles.To elaborate, the author cites how people make concepts. It shows that people have similar concepts of things especially those perceived by sight. For instance, features including two eyes, four legs, two ears, one tail, barking, discerning teeth, etc., would definitely pertain to a dog. Likewise, a photo of a child smiling is an indication of a happy child, not a sad one. However, on that point are also some concepts in our ships company that have changed a bit tho not entirely. Although they are modified through time, a legitimate degree of peoples cognition of the original concept remains the same. Take for example, marriage. In the past, the concept of marriage is limited to a human race and a woman, but now the concept allows man to man marriage, so although the concept is altered a bit, the concept of togetherness and commitment still holds truth.Concepts are arranged into hierarchies. For instance, a bedroom is smaller than a house, and a block is smaller than a neighborhood. Applying it in the school context, there are students under one teacher, and there are teachers under one director, etc. Similarly, in the collective scene, there are subordinates and supervisors.Moreover, concepts are formed by definition and prototype. We learn concepts as the environment define them for us. For instance as children, we were familiarized by our parents with the things in the house, such as a table and a chair. Later on when we went to our neighbors, we realized that tables can be in different forms or colors, but the role they play remains the same. Through definition and prototype, we obtain similar concepts of things around us.The issue of cognition is no t much of a problem but problem solving styles are. The three methods to calculate a problem include trial and error, algorithms, and heuristics. In trial and error, one is bound to use more attack and time to buzz off at the remedy answer. This method requires several trials and shortcuts, and does not guarantee giving the right answer.The second method is algorithm. An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure usually involving computations. Unlike trial and error, it is organized and guarantees arriving at the correct answer. However, since it requires a procedure, it is more time consuming than the other.The third method used to solve a problem is heuristics. This method requires speculative formulationas a guide in the probe or solution of a problem. (Answers.com, n.d.). It posits that the background of the matter, ie religion, society be investigated upon in order to arrive at a conclusion. Although this method is not accurate and does not guarantee a definite answer, it lea ds to a certain conclusion or information related to the problem.Each of the methods has its own advantages and disadvantages. When combined, the three methods will function one arrive at a valid answer. For instance, when conducting research, it is not enough to present statistics of people experiencing a specific problem. One needs to dwell on observations, surveys, inter determines, etc. to obtain a full view of the situation.Applying this to the classroom scenario, students should be taught how to apply and combine the three methods in order to facilitate problem solving tasks. Particularly, when teaching research, teachers should incorporate teaching and application of the three methods so that students will not only have options but arrive at definite and valid conclusions for their study.ReferencesAlgorithm. Retrieved 5 August 2008, from http//www.answers.com/topic/algorithmHeuristic. Retrieved 5 August 2008, from http//www.answers.com/heuristic

Abdominal Pain Critique

Assessment of the unhurried with acute type AB pain is an obligate produce in Standard Nursing in 2006, written by Elaine Cole, Antonia Lynch, and Helen Cugnoni. In this article, Elaine Cole, Antonia Lynch, and Helen Cugnoni provide an overview of how nurses can good perform an assessment of ab pain in adults. For this reason, it is important that nurses obtain an accurate comprehensive diligent level and assessment. This article also provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the abdomen, the various causes associated, and vital questions to properly perform an assessment of the abdominal pain.Summary of Article Abdominal pain is the one of the around common reasons that people seek religious service for medical c are (Cole, Lynch, & Cugnoni, 2006). The abdomen is the largest cavity in the body and contains many organs and structures. The abdomen consists of the stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, pancreas, kidneys, teeny intestine, and large intestine. For as sessment purposes the abdomen is divided into four quadrants left upper quadrant, left lower quadrant, right(a) upper quadrant, and right lower quadrant.Abdominal pain has many causes, from simple to complex presentations (Cole et al. , 2006). Therefore, it is inbred for nurses to actualise the anatomy of the abdomen and be able to distinguish between acute and non-acute conditions to provide an effective handling plan. According to Cole, Lynch, and Cugnoni (2006), It may be difficult to establish the cause of the abdominal pain because of the diversity of clinical signs and symptoms. A plan description of the common causes of abdominal pain and related symptoms are further discussed. alone to name a few causes, for example, appendicitis is an inflammation of the appendix that often has a colicky pain rough the umbilicus or epigastrium symptoms include vomiting, constipation, loss of appetite, or occasional diarrhea (Cole et al. , 2006). An other, cholesystitis is an inflammati on of the gallbladder with a constant colicky pain in the right upper quadrant symptoms include anorexia, nausea, vomiting and feverishness (Cole et al. , 2006). In addition, hepatitis is an infectious disease affecting the liver.There are several different types of hepatitis but the most common is hepatitis A the pain is usually in the right upper quadrant with anorexia, jaundice, dark pissing and pale stools, hepatomegaly and splenomegaly, pyrexia, and urticaria (Cole et al. , 2006). Furthermore, a urinary tract infection (UTI) is also a rattling common cause associated with abdominal pain. Women are most prone in developing this infection. UTIs are often characterized by suprapubic discomfort, dysuria (pain or burning during micturition), frequency, hematuria, urgency and cloudy urine (Cole et al. , 2006).In order for a patient to receive the appropriate care privationed for the abdominal pain, nurses must complete an accurate and expand history and assessment. According to Cole et al. (2006) a systemic approach to perform an assessment should be use so that vital information is not overlooked. Questions should be asked concerning pain, associated symptoms, past medical history, medication history, family history, and a friendly history. Questions regarding pain should include the position, radiation, quality, character, relieving and exacerbating factors, severity, timing and duration.Additionally, other questions to ask would be pertaining to appetite or burthen change, bowel habits, and nausea and vomiting, and urinary symptoms. As well as, a complete past medical history, accredited medications, social and family history should be included. Regardless of the symptoms or diagnosis, all patients should have nothing to eat or drink in case any operative interventions are needed. The physical assessment should present the patients vital signs temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate. Further, diagnostics should consist of an ele ctrocardiogram, urinalysis, lab test, and fluids.Patients may gain ground from non-pharmacological methods of pain control such as positioning, warm compresses, and anxiety reduction through reassurance nevertheless, analgesia will be prescribed to mollify pain and distress (Cole et al. , 2006). Also, anti-emetics are usually accompanying the pain medication to relieve any nausea and vomiting. Evaluation of the Article This is an interesting article, presenting an outline of an assessment of a patient with abdominal pain. The title clearly defines what the article is all about.The focused population, the major outcome being measured, and a brief description of the possible causes are all included in the title. The focused population here is adults experiencing abdominal pain. The major outcome being measured is the nurses overall understanding of anatomy and physiology and a thorough history taking and a brief description pointing out the most common causes of abdominal pain in a c linical setting. The author emphasizes on the most common causes of abdominal pain, as well as to assist nurses in the history taking and physical assessment.The article provides valuable knowledge of the assessment strategy in an organized fashion and a clear manner. However, the authors did not present any evidence, such as real cases or statistics. The purpose of this article is practical, interesting, and relevant. Practical since the assessment tools can most definitely be useful in the everyday use of health providers, so it can be easily select into nursing practice. Interesting as it goes into detail about the numerous possible causes and symptoms of abdominal pain. Relevant since it applies to nurses and other health providers in an acute clinical setting.The content discussed in the article will benefit nurses and practitioners. The thickset in this article was able to provide me with an excellent overview of the topic encouraging me to want to read on and on. Also, the summary was short and concise. After reading this article, a deeper insight into understanding the anatomy and physiology of the abdomen is developed. The authors did a great job providing a table displaying the organs in the abdominal cavity, which was refreshing to ones memory while reading about each possible cause of abdominal pain, thus allowing the article to be easily read.Additionally, the pneumonic used for the causes of pancreatitis is a great tool to have for future reference. The explore in this article is sufficient in providing information on the health assessment and does not need additional research. Lastly, many terms mentioned in the article were well defined, but there were spelling errors in the article, pointing out a few words such as localized, generalized, feces, characterized, and summarized. Overall the article was good, yet, it could benefit from almost improvement.ConclusionThis article provides a practical overview of the many abdominal pain causes, f rom acute to non-acute conditions. Nurses play a key role in collecting an accurate patient history and assessment of a patient presenting with abdominal pain. Abdominal pain is the most common reason people seek medical succor and can reflect physical discomfort. Therefore knowledge of the many causes of abdominal pain and management is vital. Furthermore, it is essential that nurses understand the anatomy and physiology plus the symptoms related to abdominal pain.