Impact of International Organizations

Impact of International musical arrangementsThe formation of international validations in the 20th light speed brought about the requirement for governance, without governance you dont prolong the brass sections. A formal organization uses governance as its governing body whereas an inner organization uses governance as a guide to the types of rules and regulations that are germane(predicate) to their activities. Regardless of the status of an organization, whether it is geo- form _or_ system of government-making entity, socio-political entity or corporate, its governance provide always be based on their runs and how the rules and regulations are fashioned, sustained and regulated.Any international organization depose apply an move on origination governance, in that location should be no defined arbitrary or negative impacts as each organizations stool differing agendas and policies and they are ein truth last(predicate) out for achieve the best worryly results , whereas one organization could see a positive impact on an organizations actions an different organization may see this differently maybe as a negative impact, It is all d throw to perception. united NationsThe United Nations croak in military personnel governance is very limited they are only there in an advisory capacity. They hold in no ascendance to exercise any powers on humans governance, they are simply there to advance co-operation between national governments.Global terrorism became at its most predominate in the 1960s, whilst the United Nations condemned the Hijacking of El-Al-Israel flight 426, they didnt intervene in the events, and took no further actions against the terrorists.The reason why United Nations has a select of support and is failing to assert its learn on national politics, is because their unit mission for international love-in-idleness and warrantor is totally undermined by the feature that their experience Counter Terrorism Chief Jean Paul Laborde was quoted as saying Hamas is not a terrorist organization in the United Nationswe should ripple to Hamas because once the Israeli-Palestinian issue is resolved, the threat of terrorism will diminish (Greenfield, 2013). If your own Counter Terrorism Chief merchant shipt see what the anticipate of the world butt joint see then, why would anyone want to put their combine in the United Nations?Economically for the United Nations to put one across a retrieve at surviving they need to mark that they are fighting the causes from in spite of appearance and all singing from the same song sheet, having internal squabbles and dis declarements bring thorniness from within and this isnt an acceptable way to run an organization, they also need to have stronger and more manageable international policies, a focus should be made on improving the recovery of failing member states, and boosting frugal trade agreements, thus alleviating the financial stresses on the smaller me mber states by improving their financial stability.The United Nations advisory capacity has no very effect on national policies as they cannot enforce rules and regulations, suggestions and recommendations can be put forward unless they dont have to be abided by. For the United Nations to be taken seriously they moldinessiness overwork unitedly with governments and create a stable and workable multilateral system, and the government must become accountable for their decisions in the international and domestic fields. If the United Nations can overcome their social and economic issues then they will find that their peace keeping efforts will become easier to manage as they wont have the dilemma of reign versus human security, if the United Nations cannot be tending(p) permission to intervene by the member state that needs supporter then the dilemma of sovereignty comes into play, because despite human security cosmos a high priority the United Nations are still un legal to intervene.atomic number 63an UnionThe European Union partakes in a large-minded range of policies, be it economic, social, regulatory or financial, they take action when its actions are beneficial to its member states.The formation of the European Union has shifted the balance of political power in favor of their European states, they have unified the order of money and Euro is now the second mostly commonly held currency with the dollar bill be the most. The creation of a single free market has pushed the tonicity of products up and the overall costs down and travel between European counties is at an all-time high due to the availability of cheap logical argument travel.The European Union were hit with their biggest economic threat so far, in 2011 the Greek debt crisis spiraled out of control it was triggered by the 2008 economic recession and was flat linked to the collapse of the Greek economy. Greece required be securityed out from this built in bed and turned to the Eu ropean Union for assistance. However rising debts from Portugal, Italy, Ireland, Greece and Spain made battalion think that the EUs economic model may not be working and that bailing out these countries may not be in the best interests of the European Union, heap questioned why the EU was continuing to bail out countries that constantly spent their money recklessly and increased their own debts to unsustainable levels.There should never again be war in Europe (Malmstrm, 2008). The EU has regulated greater co-operation and bankrupt communication from all EU members and has brought peace and prosperity to its members, most are no longer livelihood in a war torn world. The EU security policy has broadened over the years and security policy today incorporates everything from traditional host power to vigorous modality change and environmental efforts.Over all despite the economic crisis that the EU suffered, they seem to be having a positive effect on national politics, granted not all governments agree on how things should be through with(p) but the EU has a diplomatic approach to result any disagreements. It is a progressive organization and like most has had teething trouble, whatever of their own making and some not. I think a review of some of their strategies and polices may further corroborate their standing in the political field.North Atlantic Treaty validationNATOs role in world politics is dominated by their quest to prevent conflict, using democratic values, they push for greater communication and cooperation from member states to enable a sustained growth in resolving defense and security related issues.NATOs influence in security issues is now on the radioactive decay, peacekeeping has been made easier by the umpteen alliances that have now been forged. The war in Afghanistan has raged on for too long with brusque impact from NATO, they have been unable to defeat the Taliban, and when they pull out from Afghanistan, the Taliban will retake the areas that have been secured by NATO, undermining their whole effort.NATO is far from economically sound, if they were to forge better economic transaction better and more secure transatlantic relationships between Europe and the United states, it would strengthen the global economic climate for all involved. A more economic NATO would enable better relations and aid NATO in securing better allies with Asia Pacific, whom are crucial to the world economy.NATO needs to expand their organization globally, as a regional organization they appear ineffective, If NATO can foster better relations in the snapper East it will not only boost them economically but also politically and will enhance their security efforts to a more global field.NATO need to be more economically viable to mark off they have the full support and financing of its members, they are losing stacks confidence as they seem ineffective in Afghanistan, they may have succeeded in other wars but this war is s till raging and the people want to see an end, if there is no end then NATO will be seen as a failure.The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Companies (OPEC)The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Companies (OPEC) plays a major role in the influence of world politics, they have the ability to control the production of fossil oil and how the prices can fluctuate. OPEC must use its political diplomacy to maximize its revenue, alienating a country based on political varietys can mean the difference between oil prices rising and slower and less economic sales.OPEC has had issues in the past with supply and demand, and this is destabilizing them as an organization, people are losing faith in them and seeking alternative options. The countries that participate in OPEC have complete sovereignty over there natural resources and policies and OPEC needs to work with the participating countries to justification the interests of the social and economic developments of prices. Whilst most of OPECs commodities come from developing countries there is an issue with those countries being able to consistently supply oil and petroleum, OPEC must attract buyers and these buyers will be concerned as to the overall safe of the products due to issues like war and political battles.In 1973 an oil censor was put in place and lasted until 1974, this had a massive economic impact on OPEC, they forced companies to increase payment for oil and this pushed the price of oil up to $12 a barrel, this impacted negatively on the United States and forced them to re target the economic threat posed to the U.S. energies security.OPEC needs to develop better legal and regulatory policies so that countries can continue to develop and work on improving their efficiency and affectability whilst reducing overall costs. They need to understand long term at the risk analysis of developing countries, and ensure future projects are more economically and socially profitable. If OPEC can address juri sdictional border policies then this will enable then to have more conclusive trade market opportunities. Without this they are vulnerable.Organization of American States (OAS)The Organization of American States (OAS) role in world politics is very turbulent whilst they promote initiatives and oversee human rights and security in the Americas, they have shown weakness for political power and their decision making has been questioned, they require a unanimous vote to make any decisions and this voting method leads to many hold up and deliberations that are deemed unnecessary and delay any action that can be taken. This prompts distrust and allows its member to question their affectability in world politics.OASs ability to manage security and sovereignty issues was tested in 2009 when Honduras had a leadership crisis OAS was forced to suspend Honduras from the organization after an issued ultimatum to restitute exiled president Zelaya was dismissed by Zelayas opponents. OAS sent moni tors to Honduras to oversee the constitutional referendum, this was done at Zelayas request and the referendum was seen as unconstitutional by congress, OAS systematically failed in their attempts to resolve the Honduras situation and be that they are very limited to what they can actually do in a crisis management situation.The economic brain for OAS is very poor In 2011 Republican David Rivera was quoted as saying The Organization of American States is an enemy of the U.S. and an enemy to the interests of freedom and security, (Isacson, 2012)as he joined a mass vote to sever U.S funding of OAS. OAS has failed to prove conclusively its affectability in situations it has been go about with, it is held back by governmental policy constraints and without major changes could cease to function as an effective organization.Whilst OAS is effective in certain areas they have proved on numerous occasions to be ineffective in security, sovereignty and economic issues, they were threatene d with having their funding removed, congress has ruled that some of the decisions they have made have been unconstitutional, and this has had a wide ranging effect on future political issue, as it has alienated some of the countries that are members of OAS. To prove effective OAS needs to show that they have full solidarity within member countries, so far they have failed to do this.ConclusionInternational organizations have a hard job of juggling what is expected of them versus what they can legally do, people want interventions from these organizations but dont fully understand some of the constrains that hold them back. Most organizations dont have the legal authority to enforce rules and regulations, they can make recommendations but if they arent followed there is no way of enforcing there disregard of the recommendations. Governments can remove financial backing from the countries that dont follow the recommendations, this serves as a warning to other countries that failure t o comply will result in further sanctions being imposed.International organizations have a varied impact on the world the organizations need to have better multilateral government backing, because despite the on the whole positive things they try to achieve there is always a negative aspect that is stopping them from fully achieving this.CitationsGreenfield, D. (2013, July 01). New UN counterterror chief doesnt count Hamas is a terrorist group. Retrieved from http//www.frontpagemag.com/2013/dgreenfield/new-un-counterterror-chief-doesnt-believe-hamas-is-a-terrorist-group/Malmstrm, C. (2008, March 12). The role of the EU in world politics. Retrieved from http//www.government.se/sb/d/7973/a/100668Isacson, A. (2012, May 22). Conflict resolution in the Americas The decline of the OAS. Retrieved from http//www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/11979/conflict-resolution-in-the-americas-the-decline-of-the-OAS

The Task And Responsibility Of Front Office Workers Tourism Essay

The problem And Responsibility Of straw man Office Workers Tourism EssayFront mail is the main part for hotels. The popularity and how famous is the hotel are withal depends to the hotel attend side system because for a hotel clients are important and even with the presence of customer only the guidance lot overflow the business. Moreover, previous great power mountain are the bingle who greet and take a shit first impression to the customers. So, the elbow room they greet customer tidy sum lead the hotels to ingest more customers. Front portion are the 1 who as well as promote room and beverage sales such as type of room and packages available.1.2 THE TASK AND tariff1.2.1 THE RESPOSIBILITYS OF preceding ability MANAGERThe appear office animal trainer is the one creditworthy for both dandy or gloomy things happened in the campaign desk, this includes the stave fashion, faculty training and in all(a) type of communication. The front office four-in -hand should withal be available to work whatsoever rouses. Moreover, if in that location are any problem in the front office department, he should be ready to settle it off. The front office music director should also be a estimable leadership for the staffs. The front office manager is also the one who responsible for all the VIP and guess concerns.1.2.2 THE RESPONSIBILITYS OF front line OFFICE ASSISTANT MANAGERThe front office assistant manager is the one who need to update all the profit and problems to the manager. Moreover, the assistant manager is the one who assist manager in the front desk routines and management. He go forth help the manager with all the basic needs such as the front desk staff schedule, and then(prenominal) take care the desk when the manager not around. He should also able to solve the customers problem with fast defend before the issue goes to the manager. The assistant manager is the one who responsible for all the meetings between the staffs too. Should assign the staffs with the routine. And if t heres any emergency should take early exploit and make sure things are under control.1.2.3 THE RESPONSIBILITYS OF FRONT OFFICE congressmanThese peoples normally represent the front office such as if theres any problem the staffs, these people leave behind see 1st before it goes to the supervisor.1.2.4 THE RESPONSIBILITYS OF FRONT OFFICE NIGHT AUDITORThe shadow audit team responsible of the hotels daily activities such as they bequeath be manipulation the front desk at night. Moreover, they also need to prepared the record of the day for all the room occupied and more. They also need to submit off the calculate for the occurrence day. They also need to verify the room charges, banquet charges and former(a) charges correctly in order to provide the hotel data correctly. So, a night auditor plays important roles in a front desk.1.2.5 THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF A rendA cashier is the one who handle money in front desk hotel . The cashier should and responsible for all the money act. The cashier result tuck money from the guest during check in or check out. They in the main operate a cash in a adding machine. The cashier should be very careful and responsible with the cash they handle to prevent any unwanted act. Usually, the cashiers work shift depends to the hotel procedures whereby a normal office hours duty.1.2.6 THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF RESERVATIONISTThe military reserveist would be handling the front office department in handling the reservation calls. So, this people is the one who pick calls for customer reservation. If theres a call from out of doors customer to schedule a hotel, the hotel reservationist go out take their booking and inform almost the hotel procedure to the customer. They, are the one who arranged rooms or even any meetings arrangement for the customer if theres such a booking. They, should also create a bang-up mannerism when converse to the customer in the phone bec ause there are representing the hotel and should make the guest to came down to booked this hotels rooms. Usually, this department working shifts is also depends to the hotel rules. They, should also be a easily language teller.1.2.7 THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF A TELEPHONE OPERATORSA telephone operator ordinarily in the front desk with attending calls from outsides, such as if a customer needs to know room availability the telephone operators will transplant the line to interior department. So, a telephone operator should also be a good English speaker to puff the guess. Usually, their working shift time will be bit more different then others and its depends to the hotel procedures. The hotel department should appoint a right person to work here who is more responsible because they are the one who serve wells the calls whenever theres incoming call and should answer it within two three rings.1.3 CONCLUSIONSo, front office is in truth a very important for a hotels. If, a hotel ne ed to runnel in successfully the front office department is the major cause. Moreover, front office department are the main receiver of a guess, so a the very 1st satisfaction of a guess is after(prenominal) the way they are treat and its obviously the front office people. So, a good business for a hotel is all depend to the front office so the department heads should take good care of this front desk.2.0 capitulum 2Front office staffs must move over certain readinesss to attract guests during the first impression. Write about Front Office staff expertness in guest relations?2.1 INTRODUCTIONThe front office staff must realise a good working skill to advance or attract the guest. For a hotel a business can run up to level if the staff are in proper system, what we can mean here is about the skill and the ability to speak and exceed by the staff to the guest. It is really important for the staff to have a special skill to attract the staffs because not all the staffs can bro adcast well here and interact with guest in the proper term, so they need to have this special skill to have a nail down working skill. For a newly appointed staff usually the management will give them 1week training session, so the supervisor or the in charge person will give the training to the staffs. Most of the hotels will give them a certificate to prove they are well practised moreover then certain hotel doesnt do this. Even some of the hotels give money to the staff for that 1week working training. During the staff in training week, they will be given working hour shift that is from 9a.m 5pm.2.1 FRONT OFFICE STAFF achievement2.1.1 GOOD COMMUNICATIONA staff who full treatment in the front office department should have the ability to speak very well. It is because the guest who going to check in to stay in the hotel not only going to be a local occupier but then from worldwide, so the staff should have the ability to speak well language. Moreover, if the particular staff can speak multi language it will be more great full because there will be multinational language guest with different mother tongue. So, when the staff can communicate this way it will be easier for the guest from foreigners to communicate.2.1.2 APPEARANCEThose staff who works at the front desk should have a good appearance. They should be neat in hair wise, the uniform they wear should be neat. all this are important because the guest who check in need to have a good look about the hotel in appreance wise so with such a good appreance, the guest will have obedience for the hotel and the board. If, the particular person is tidy with poor appreance and with long hair and so on the guest who check in will have bad manner about the department and speak bad about it to others of his or her friends and give a bad reward to the hotel.2.1.3 GOOD LISTENING SKILLThe staff should have a good perceive skill too. This is because usually front office will be very grandly and one or two noisi ness so by having good listening they can overcome it and comfortable with the environment. It also show the support of us to the guest and we can nominate know what is expected from us by the guest or the superior. The staff can also resolve any problems which occur between the guest. Moreover, they need to have good hearing because when modify any guest data shouldnt have any error or else they might be in severe problem. To be a good listener the staff and the workers all should have good spunk tactual sensation with the person whom we are talking. Either than that, they shouldnt interrupt when the speaker is speaking or else we might not get what they are all talking about and going to cause us problem because the guest cant slide by on repeating the same thing to us so, we shouldnt interrupt but then listen to them with patient and calm. Nextly, the receiver should also stand or seat in proper way because we need to respect the guest.2.1.4 stancePosture also can be defin ed same as the standing positioning, but in this wise the staff should always expect the guest. For example, the receptionist will stand half away bend and talking only all shouldnt be practice as it can lower the hotel prestige.2.1.5 manifestationThe staff working at front office should always have a good face expression. Whenever, the guest check-in or check-out or even when the guest are standing nearby, the staff should greet them with a smile or even some wish such as good evening and so on. So, by doing this the hotels prestige will get higher and at the same time the guest feel good about it.2.1.6 GOOD EYE CONTACTThe staff should also have a good eye contact with the guest. When a person duologue to us, we should greet them back nicely in speaking wise and also by a good eye contact so that the particular persons know that we are hearing to their conversation. If let say theres no any eye contact, the person will think that we are not listening to them. So, all the staff should be train with having a good eye contact.2.3 CONCLUSIONSo by overall, all the staff should have good working skill moreover for those who works in front desk as the need to deal with the guest every day. For a cashier, this type of skill will be very important because they will be handling cash every day and if any error occur they will be the one to blame. So, the staff should practice those skills in their daily routine to prevent from any problems.

Pressure on Development Land in the South East of England

Pressure on Development Land in the South East of Eng instaurationThe privation for sustainable computer computer architecture.AbstractThe purpose of this utterance is to handle and evaluate the force on cultivation oerturn in the South- East of Eng subvert, and how that pressure relates to the deficiency for sustainable architecture. The reasons for there organism pressure on tuition estate of the realm in the selenium of Eng enter will be described and analysed, as will every differences with the other regions of Britain. The reasons for ringting off or using the in stock(predicate) increase land and why sustainable architecture should be adopted in the selenium of England will be fully evaluated.As will be demonstrated there atomic number 18 various and competing factors that app arntly increase the pressure to make full affair of on the consentient available tuition land in the South-East of England. The available organic evolution land in the South-East of England is in heights claim to be employ for the grammatical social organisation of home(prenominal) trapping, as soundly as for commercial, leisure, and industrial grammatical facial expression programmes. To a large extent central political sympathies and local authorities dupe attempted to control the twirl of much(prenominal) revolutionary fix programmes through dodges of urban supply, as sound as building ordinances that make water applied across the whole of Britain. The reasons why the South-East of England should absorb a need for sustainable architecture will similarly be examined in depth. The case for making every(prenominal) the unsanded twist projects designed around the concepts of sustainable architecture sh completely in addition be examined, to discuss whether much(prenominal) than surroundingsally focused building designs will littleen the doctor of tender construction programmes, as well as reducing semipermanent befoulmen t.Introductionsustainable architecture and the use of growing land are closely linked with the manages and theories of what form the basis of urban and rural training, as well as ideas concerning the essential for long-term surroundingsal sustainability. Urban, and to a lesser extent rural supply, became much general in their application end-to-end Britain later 1945, when increase directs of central government intervention were experienced in much social and sparing demesnes. formulation was deemed to be the best itinerary of solving Britains housing problems (Taylor, 1998 p. 3). Increased levels of urban and rural planning were warrant at the end of the Second World state of war due to the need for extensive post-war reconstruction. The South-East of England in general, and London in particular had suffered from widespread bomb damage, which meant that fully or partially destroyed supports, factories, and sell units had to be re lined by well planned buildings which would be an improvement upon the previous buildings. In the immediate post-war period it was believed that a systematic use of town and expanse planning would be essential for the reconstruction of Britain, with a much high standard of building to match high employment, the welfare state, and the National health Service. The purpose of these policies and institutions was to prolong life and rear good health throughout the whole population (Meller, 1997 p67).The increased use of urban and rural planning was not mean to comfort the environment in an bionomical way, or therefore to promote sustainable architecture, rather it was slap-uply expanded in scope to make the around rational use of scarce study land. However, there would be measures adopted which would conserve large areas of countryside, and give security system despite the need to re-house millions of families in 1945 (Southall, 2000 p. 336). There were groups that wished to conserve specific areas that b ack up rare forms of animal and plant life, and even groups that wished to keep back old historic buildings, as well as buildings distinguished by their architectural expressive styles (Meller, 1997 p67). When added together such groups did not equate to an ecologic lobby that think to dislodge plain, architectural, or industrial practices to cling to the environment. These groups however, were able to heavily square off the finis to restrict urbanisation taking over the countryside. Post-war reconstruction was the catalyst for the largest programmes of publically funded construction in Britain. Public expenditure was postulate due to the unsullied scale of reconstruction required, with London and the South-East of England being a major beneficiary of those programmes. computer architecture and planning were used for these large-scale programmes rather than unspoilt for individual buildings. The involvement of central government in the promoting and backup of large- scale public building programmes and the use of knowledge land was high until the too soon part of the 1970s (Greed, 1996 p. 35).Such wide-ranging building programmes were not exactly intended to replace the buildings destroyed during the Second World contend. The post-war building programmes were alike intended to replace the slums in the inner cities of London, Birmingham, Liverpool, as well as elsewhere. The construction programmes were intended to make the South-East of England a much more(prenominal) hospitable place to live in, just as the rest of Britain was as well intended to be like (Sheail, 2002 p. 62). New construction and renovation of live houses was an imperative, as 2 million of them condemned and another 3 million abstracted in essentials (Southall, 2000 p. 337). The South-East of England in any case benefited from the construction of modern towns such as Milton Keynes and Stevenage that were planned as entire towns with purpose build domestic housing a nd business premises. The Atlee government was so keen upon the creation of sweet towns to calculate the post-war housing shortages that it modulate such construction through the New townsfolk cultivate of 1946 (Sheail, 2002 p. 62). The construction of the New Towns was considered to be essential for both high economic growth and for solving the national post-war housing shortage. The Atlee government regarded the new towns as being extremely beneficial to hatfuls health as they go away from major cities and industrial areas to places with cleaner air (Meller, 1997 p67).In ecological terms such construction was harmful to the environment as more land was built upon and it meant a greater amount of contaminant from art emissions, though of fertilize nobody understood such implications at that time. Improvements in transport infrastructure and increasing levels of car ownership meant that the new towns were economically viable, as well as allowing their inhabitants to comm ute to the major cities to work in them (Daniels, Bradshaw, Shaw, Sidaway, 2005 p. 147). Urban planning was thus considered to be genuinely useful for the work out and study of London and the South-East of England, which traditionally has been the most populous and loose region of Britain. Urban planning was also intended to increase the prosperity levels of the other regions in Britain to be as high as workable to match the levels achieved in the South-East of England (Southall, 2000 p. 337). Controlled expansion of urban areas into the new towns was intended to solve the immediate post-war housing shortage and revive the British economy, whilst go away the great bulk of the countryside untouched by new housing construction (Taylor, 1998 p.3).Previous improvements in agricultural techniques meant that farming became more efficient across the country which had quickened the pace of urbanisation in Britain as a whole. Urbanisation in Britain had already had a strong impact up on the environment that went beyond the refilling of the countryside with polluting factories and carbuncular slum housing (Southall, 2000, p. 335). Higher crop yields from less land had the wake that more land in rural areas became available to be used as development land. The greater availability of former agricultural land meant that is was easier to find enough land to construct new towns or expand existing cities across Britain. Urbanisation was a abut that was accelerate by the need of industrial towns and cities to find workers to continue their expansion (Goudie Viles, 1997 p. 5).To father with, the majority of new homes were traditional style houses that formed large council house estates unspoilt across the country, in architectural terms there was very little innovation or thought given to making the new housing stock architecturally sustainable or environmentally friendly. more precaution was instead devoted to making all new houses comfortable, clean, and ens uring they were being built to last (Greed, 1996 p. 35). The new homes were intended to be better and big than the ones that they had replaced. The majority of large cities and the new towns in Britain had millions of council houses built in their areas surrounded by 1945 and the early 1970s. However, it was much harder to find adequate amounts of development land in inner city areas which led to the building of high rise newspaper column blocks which allowed a greater number of people to be housed without increasing the full(a) area of the development land required (Sheail, 2002 p. 62). Unfortunately, high rise brood blocks constructed during the 1960s and the 1970s in the South-East of England, as well as nationally failed to be an adequate form of long- term and sustainable architecture that allowed people to be housed in safety or comfort. The failure of many high rise tower blocks to be sustainable forms of housing had the pertain of increasing the pressure on development land. It has also meant that tower blocks lose had to be refurbished or more frequently demolished (Meller, 1997 p. 63). As the see to it below shows the 1950s and the 1960s also witnessed the construction of low-rise flat tire blocks which have proved to be longer lasting than tower blocks built during the same period of time. The picture is of apartment flats constructed in Ham commonality in Richmond between 1955 and 1958 (Frampton,1997 p. 266).Although the amount of new housing construction was considerable not all the available land had been developed or built upon. Land remained set aside for agricultural purposes, whilst other land was left un-built upon and not always used for farming. The land that was left simply and was set aside and thus not allowed to be used for domestic housing or industrial sites were referred to as the fleeceable flush. The cat valium smash-up ammunition was created to act as a buffer zone between urban and rural areas as a means to limit urbanisation (Greed, 1996 p. 82). underlying government set aside areas that were designated as green belt zones to preserve the countryside nationally as well as solely in the South-East of England. Although, it was possible to build on green belt land the performance of gaining planning permission from central government and the relevant local countenance was a long drawn out one which deterred most proportion developers and construction firms from doing so. Local relate groups have often being highly vocal in their opposition to any schemes that have been suggested (Clapp, 1994 p. 138). Clapp estimated that with national park and designated green belt zones that in England and Wales more than a fifth of the countryside instantly has stringent protection against development (Clapp, 1994 p. 140). Therefore, the bulk of available development land was concentrated in urban areas, often referred to as brown line of business sites (Greed, 1996 p. 82). For central government the re are advantages for using brown sketch sites (Kim Rigdon, December 1998 p. 5). For instance, using such sites allows for economic regeneration, employment creation as well as less pressure to build on green belt land. Recycling land on brown field sites is a method of preserving rural areas being used as development land (Clapp, 1994 p.139).The pressure to use greater amounts of development land has arguably increased significantly in recent years throughout Britain as a whole. The pressure to use development land has risen due to a combination of social, economic, and political factors. For instance, in social terms the demographic alterations to the British population have had significant, and it could even be argued,profound effects upon the demand for development for new construction programmes. These demographic changes have occurred as a consequence of the British population ageing, the increasing number of adults who live on their own, as well as the major increase in th e number of immigrants who have settled in Britain in the past decade or so. These changes have meant that more people indoors Britain are seeking a higher number of places to live in. Another reason for the raised levels of pressure upon development land is caused by the potential financial gains from building new houses, as well as new retail or industrial complexes. The level of financial gains that could be made has been boosted since 1979 by the shifting away from the publicly funded housing programmes to a market led approach to determining the evaluate of new housing construction and the ownership of existing housing (Allmendinger and Thomas, 1998 p. 5). Of course even greater numbers of domestic homes and retail premises has a knock on effect on the amount of infrastructure such as schools, hospitals, and roads which are required in Britain as a whole. The building of new forms of infrastructure will only increase the environmental impact of new construction programmes (Ki m Rigdon, December 1998 p. 5). A fuller comment and a more comprehensive examination of the increased pressures on the development land in Britain in general will be presented in the specific chapter on development land. The more detailed evaluation of the pressures upon development in the South-East of England will be presented in the specific chapter slightly the South-East of England.Not only has there been pressure to use more development land in Britain generally and in the South-East of England in particular, there has been more pressure for new construction programmes to use building techniques and engine room linked with sustainable architecture. sustainable architecture may have been a concept, which started in the United States, yet it could be very great to put its ideas into action across the globe (Kim Rigdon, December 1998 p.5). The imagination of sustainable architecture is in itself influenced by ideas well-nigh making or enabling architecture maximise the ut ility and the subsequent life span of all new construction, whilst minimising the amount of re firsts needed in the initial construction and the nourishment of buildings. Sustainable architecture, when possible, uses re extensions that is renewable, recyclable, and biodegradable. There are various motivations for adopting sustainable architecture when it comes vote down to the construction and the comp allowion of all new building programmes. Motivations that include the minimising of development land used, as well as making use of new technology to conserve energy, the conservation or recycling of finite resources, as well as reducing the levels of water consumption. Reducing the level of pollution and attempting to slow down the consequences of world(a) warming are also factors in the promotion and implementation of sustainable architecture (Kim, Rigdon, Graves, August 1998 p. 5). Of course, there is the influence of legislation upon the use of sustainable architecture techniqu es to reduce the environmental and ecological impact of new construction programmes. Property developers and construction firms have to come with measures to protect theenvironment introduced by the British government and the European Union (Hough, 2004 p. 190).As will be shown in the specific chapter rough sustainable architecture the majority of methods used to improve environmental sustainability are relatively simple to incorporate into the designs of new building programmes, and in some cases into existing buildings. Sustainable architecture could be achieved by using construction materials that are less damaging to the environment, or materials that have been obtained from recycled and renewable resources. Making buildings as environmentally sustainable as possible during new construction projects (as will be examined in greater depth) will achieve the over all objectives of those that practice and argue for the implementation of sustainable architecture. It is most practi cable to install features or equipment which enhances environmental sustainability during new construction projects rather than afterwards. The pressures to adopt sustainable architecture in many ways are contradictory, yet are also connected with the pressures to raise the levels of development land used up for new building programmes.Other motivations for adopting sustainable architecture include applying measures that are requirements for gaining planning permission, as well as ensuring that all new buildings comply with all the minimum standards for safeguarding the environment set by the British government and also by the European Union. The British government has set standards for domestic and retail buildings since the 1950s. For instance, to rid London of its previously renowned smog and fog by reducing smoke emissions from domestic homes and factories alike under the auspices of the reinvigorated Air Act. The European Union has taken a greater pastime in promoting environ mental sustainability since the 1980s, believing that such actions to protect the natural environment on a regional rather than a national basis would be far more effective in doing so (Hough, 2004 p. 190).Chapter iodine Literature ReviewUrban Planning and the British New Right, by Allmendinger and Thomas was primarily used as a source of role for the ways in which the Conservative governments between 1979 and 1997 altered housing and economic policies in Britain. This moderate also contained information about the introduction of more extensive government environmental protection policies, which were started during that period of Conservative administration. The concord demonstrates the contradictions between the strong Conservative support for free market political economy and the increasing understanding that central government needed to act to protect the environment. Brian Clapps An environmental History of Britain from the Industrial Revolution is a good source of informat ion with regard to development land and the impact of the green belt zones on limiting building programmes to already urbanised areas. The admit provides a useful insight into the establishment and the continued maintenance of green belt zones in modern Britain. An introduction to benignant Geography Issues for the 21st coke by Daniels, Bradshaw, Shaw, and Sidaway proved a useful source of information about development and the environmental impacts of human activity such as constructing buildings and using fossil fuel in buildings. The book assists in explaining why such impacts on the environment would provide a catalyst for sustainable architecture. youthful architecture a critical history by Kenneth Frampton was used as a source of pictures and course credit for information about architectural styles and building materials. There was also a brief section concerning the planning of the new town constructed at Milton Keynes during the early 1970s.The Earth Transformed an int roduction to Human Impacts on the Environment by Goudie and Viles was used to obtain information about development land and the impact of unsustainable architecture and building techniques upon pollution levels and global warming. The book contained information about the harmful consequences of global urbanisation and industrialisation.Cities instinctive Process A basis for sustainability, by Michael Hough was a useful reference book for discussing development land and issues that relate to enhancing environmental sustainability. This book was also useful because there was a greater focus upon Britain within it. The book contained suggestions and examples of how sustainability could be achieved with the help of sustainable architecture. Sustainable Architecture Introduction to Sustainable Design by Kim and Rigdon is an condition which explores the theoretical and practical background to sustainable architecture. It was used to gain information for the chapter, which dealt with s ustainable architecture specifically. That information was also for the chapter concerning the need for any new construction programmes in the South-East of England to squash sustainable architecture.Pollution Prevention in Architecture Introductory staff by Kim, Rigdon, and Graves provides further theoretical and practical insights into the ideas contained within the notion of sustainable architecture. This article contained strong arguments as to why sustainable architecture should be implemented across the world and not just in a single specific region of one particular country. This article proved a sound reference for the chapters concerning sustainable architecture and the necessity of its use in the South-East of England. Towns, plans, and society in modern Britain by Helen Meller was used to gain background knowledge of the establishment of a more vigorous and restrictive planning regulatory framework brought into operation after the end of the Second World War. That info rmation was hence included within the introduction and the specific chapter dealing with the pressures upon the use of development land.Urban and Environmental Planning in the UK, by Yvonne Rydin provides useful information concerning the protection of the environment through planning regulations and restrictions. Provides good reference material as to how the British government and the European Union have attempted to reduce environmental damage through restrictions on development land and building or other regulations to cut pollution and enhance sustainability.A History of Britain 3, end of Empire 1776 2000, by Simon Schama was used to gain information as to why the Conservative party did not overturn the extended provision of council houses introduced by the Atlee government until after 1979. The book also had information about the ideologic changes that Margaret Thatcher brought into Britain and the consequences of such changes.An Environmental History of Twentieth Century B ritain by flush toilet Sheail was a book, which discussed the developments within the environment of Britain between 1900 and 2000. Sheail examines how the understanding of environmental issues in Britain developed in the latter part of the twentieth hundred. The book was enlightening in relation to the development of policies that were intended to protect the environment and promote sustainability.The City In time and space by Aidan Southall was a book used to assist with the description and evaluation of the use as well as the restrictions placed upon the availability of development land within Britain. Southalls accounting in particular provided information concerning the effective regeneration of brown field sites within the immediate vicinity of London besides providing an insight into the construction of the new towns in the aftermath of the Second World War.Ecological Architecture A critical history by Steele provided some useful practical and theoretical information abou t the concepts and the designs of sustainable architecture.Life Cycle depth psychology for Automobiles, by Sulivan and Hu was used solely for the data concerning the amount of energy needed to produce aluminium, polyethene, PVC and steel, comparing the consumption to produce the materials new with when those products are recycled. Urban Planning Since 1945 by Nigel Taylor was a highly useful source of information with regard to the development and the continuation of planning restrictions as well as building regulations. The information about the uses of town and country planning besides the motivations for the establishment and the continuation of green belt land areas was of great use. Taylor also included some succinct information about environmental sustainability within this book.Brenda Vales Green Architecture Design for a Sustainable prospective is a good introduction to the concepts and the designs most strongly linked with sustainable development.Chapter Two Development L andPrior to the start of the twentieth century there was very little formal or legal regulation or planning undertaken when it came down to the use of development land. There was in effect little to prevent the construction of new building programmes, let alone notions about limiting the size and the scope of such programmes to protect the environment or promote ecological sustainability (Taylor, 1998 p. 3). Central government by and large did not intervene to prevent individuals, businesses of various sizes, or indeed local authorities from using development land in any way that they wished to do so. The central government was willing to permit any parties to construct new buildings upon such development land, especially if the party responsible for(p) for constructing such buildings already owned the land, which was been built upon (Greed, 1996 p.2). The freedom with which new buildings could be built was demonstrated by the ability of the majority of landowners to choose the sty le of architecture in the construction of their homes, factories, or shops. Landowners had the option of making their buildings as grand as possible or as cheap to construct as possible (Kim Rigdon, December 1998 p. 5). They did not have to consider that their right to build on their land would be restricted by the view of that land in relation to the nearest city or its place in the countryside. Landowners and their architects did not believe that there was any profound need to change what they built or how they built it in order to protect the environment and promote sustainability (Sheail, 2003 p. 2).Those building regulations that did exist were generally very minimalist in their actual nature, and were commonly introduced on an ad hoc basis. Architecture and the development of land were more likely to be influenced by changes in technology or improvements in economic development, as well as change in fashion and styles (Meller, 1997 p. 63). For instance, these houses started to have gas, electricity, and water supplies installed. These supplies of utility services were regulated by the central government (Daniels, Bradshaw, Shaw, Sidaway, 2005 p.115). Those services were also supplied to factories and shops, which were increasingly unresolved to health, and safety standards that were intended to prevent accidents, yet paid no attention to the land that they happened to be constructed on (Sheail, 2003 p. 2). The nineteenth century witnessed a quantum bounds forward in the amount of land, which was built upon due to a rearing population as well as increased levels of industrialisation. These factors happened to coincide with the development of improved infrastructure such as roads, railways, cloaca systems, public hospitals, and schools. The development of such infrastructure required large quantities of land, labour, and resources to be successfully completed, whilst in turn promoting higher levels of industrialisation and the migration of people f rom the countryside to the expanding cities. Some cities and regions benefited economically from such industrialisation more than others did. In Britain, industrialisation benefited the regions surrounding Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool, and Glasgow. Over all though London and the South-East of England retained their position as the most prosperous region within Britain. Industrialisationcame at a cost, namely pollution and greater levels of social inequality (Southall, 2000 p. 335). The development of gas, electricity, and water supplies alongside sewage systems made domestic houses more comfortable to live in and factories more productive due to having greater efficiency (Daniels, Bradshaw, Shaw, Sidaway, 2005 p.115).Before a system of urban and rural planning were introduced there was no specifically set aside development land. Market forces determined the use of land and what if anything was built upon it. If landowners found that their land was most profitably used for agri cultural purposes then it would remain as agricultural land (Taylor, 1998 p. 3). If, however more silver could be made from building houses, shops, or factories on their land, then that is what usually happened to that land. Landowners could also be tempted to sell their land to airplane propeller developers, construction firms, or industrial enterprises if they were lucky enough to own land that those other parties tangle in urgent need of developing (Meller, 1997 p. 62). It was market forces that drove the industrial revolution in Britain as well as also promoting the process of urbanisation. The processes of industrialisation and urbanisation meant that cities such as London, Birmingham, Manchester, and Glasgow greatly expanded in terms of both their geographical areas and their total population levels, which led to shoplifting in the size of rural areas in Britain as a whole (Southall, 2000 p. 335). It was also market forces that determined the situation, size, and scope of housing, factories, and commercial buildings. There were no limitations to the size, location or scope of such buildings, and absolutely no attention was given to the environmental consequences of these building programmes (Sheail, 2003 p 2).The absence of building regulations and restrictions on the use of land meant that there was a great deal of unhealthy and substandard slum housing, which caused widespread illness. Illness occurred besides reflecting the poverty of those people that were unfortunate enough to have to live in such areas (Daniels, Bradshaw, Shaw, Sidaway, 2005 p.115). Planning regulations would have undoubtedly improved conditions, for instance introducing proper sanitation into the slums or having substandard housing replaced by higher quality houses for people to execute into (Southall, 2000 p. 335). In rural areas fears that heavy industry and unsightly slums would last over take all the land within their close proximity prompted the nucleotide of organisa tions dedicated to the physical preservation of the countryside, the rural way of life, and its wildlife (Clapp, 1994 p. 138). The countryside preservation organisations would eventually have a strong influence on the establishment of the green belt zones and the restricted availability of development land in the more predominantly rural areas of Britain (Allmendinger and Thomas, 1998 p. 55).It was after the end of the First World War that the central government and local authorities took a greater interest in the construction of housing and how land was actually being used in domestic housing and industrial or commercial construction programmes. The role of the market in deciding how many houses were built and the location of where those houses were constructed was reduced with the development of council houses (Taylor, 1998 p. 3). The provision of affordable housing built by local authorities and subsidised by central government funding meant that there was increased public involv ement in the determination of land usage. The use, abuse, or the non-use of land was no longer solely determined by market forces. The involvement of central government and local authorities was intended to reduce poverty, ill health, and social exclusion. At no point in the inter-war period were measures taken to introduce town and country planning with the excogitation of protecting the environment or promoting sustainability as nobody considered such stairs were necessary. The First World War had only witnessed very minimal levels of property damage caused by German naval attacks and bombing raids on Britain, so there was no widespread need for urgent reconstruction programmes as there would be at the end of the Second World War (Clapp, 1994 p. 138).The central government first took legislative measures to restrict the use of development land within the remit of the Town and Country Planning Act of 1925, although planning decisions were usually left to individual local authoriti es to be e

Using a 3D Printer in Engineering

Using a 3D Printer in engineering scienceCE 2.2 BackgroundDigitality is increasing each day. Very slight flock use 3D printers due to its graduate(prenominal) cost. And moreover, they are not movable as its calibration of stepper moves could be damaged. And comminuted eggshell industries cannot drop them. So, my spue is about reservation 3D printers that are size oriented, take-away and cost effective. It will a project that would be hassle less and unprovoked to understand and operate. It could be extremely useful to teeny-weeny scale industries, dental manufacture, scientific labs, toy companies and many more.CE 2.3The reason layabout choosing this project was to give a boost to small scale industries and be it easy to use. 3D printing is the technology of creating three-dimensional real while objects that has a nozzle which oozes out melted plastic element and is prone to a stepper go which works as an axis that has twain stepper motors works as two axis.The i dea and objective was to arm a 3D printer under 500-1000$ with compact size for easy handling. Its aims to print a real-time three-dimensional object with the help of wiener institutionalise (computer aided design file). It focuses on building a small sized, easy to use and accessible 3D printer. It is also a harming that has low maintenance. It is a kind of printer that was do with the help of regularly use electronics devices which would ultimately reflect on its cost price in the foodstuff. Also, opposite major thing is its size as it is compact compared to other available printers.CE 2.4I had planned all the work that was undeniable to do on this project that includes all the pre-study work before the low of the project and post-work that is required after finishing the project. I listed out things to do first and indeed assigned its priority. I started with doing research on selecting the offspring for my project and after its approval from the faculty, and wherefo re I went on doing literature surveys with the help of IEEE papers, research papers etc. in the later format I began learning basics of CNC machine and designing of its ironware structure. Which was then implemented along with its software dowery and was made a take-away one. At last stage, it involved final changes on the project and making a report on it.CE 2.5 Personal Engineering natural actionI started with literature survey and then made up a block diagram for my project as shown under. It explains the complete flow of my project. I divided the entire process of 3D printing into two parts.CE 2.6This project makes use of many components and each component was selected considering its cost and its potentiality value in the market as well as its business leader to withstand the project. The important parts areFor CNC Machine1. Stepper motor it is a kind of electric motor that is widely used in the industries of robotics. With each step of the motor, it makes it handy fo r repeatable positioning.2. Stepper motor driver A4988 they are kind of drivers with microcontroller and that can be used to attain high rotation speeds in stepper motors.3. CNC shield4. Arduino Uno Microcontroller it is used for digital devices and interactive objects which can control and sense the objects in physical world. It makes use of open-source hardware and software.5. SMPS power supply this is used to drive and supply power to the whole circuit6. MDF/Acrylic for the body structure -it is used for outmost covering or the hardware structure of the body.For 3D Printing frame-up1. 0.75mm Nozzle it is cylindrical kind of a pipe or pipework which controls the liquid.2. Ceramic heater3. DC fan as a change device4. PLA elementCE 2.7For the 3D printer, a structure had to be made from either MDF, acrylic or fiber that would form the outside body. It also requires 4 stepper motor and its driver ICs along with providing a power supply. The stepper motor moves as per the G CODE which controls it. A software is used to generate the GCODE that is indirectly connected and formed from CAD file.CE 2.8The working of my software part can be described as downstairs1. Computer partHere, using different software like AUTOCAD, RHINO, CAD360, a CAD file is generated. The interpreter receives the CAD file formed and then converts it into GCODE file. For interpreting software like MERLIN, CURA, POLULU was been used. Then via serial port the GCODE file is sent to the other part i.e. the printing part.2. 3D printer partStepper drivers and HotEnd drivers receive the GCODE file from the GCODE interpreter. The HotEnd has a nozzle, DC fan and a ceramic heater and the stepper motor makes the moves as per the GCODE. Into the nozzle, a PLA plastic element is entered and with the help of ceramic heater it melts that plastic element into precise small sized threads and is constantly cooled with the help of DC fan. As the HotEnd and stepper motor moves, the PLA comes out thr ough it giving a 3D printed object. The object is made layer by layer and the stepper motor sets itself to initial stage after the completion of the objectCE 2.9During this project, I faced many challenges as my project is a precise conglomerate topic. It started with doing research on the topic. It was a new technology in the market and I had to collect as much information available. Deciding of hardware components was also a major task I had a pre-defined project cost that I had to maintain so that the final costing of the ingathering doesnt increase beyond the limit. I took help from the experts from the field of electronics and tried to watch out their footsteps whenever problem occurred. The part of software was quite easy than I fantasy as I had already planned the flow of the work so I just had to follow that pattern to accomplish my microcontroller programming.CE 2.10 succinctIn 3D printing, whole process takes place in fine little slices, it divides the whole project into tiny pieces which are made in the reverse order while printing. They stick together to form a solid object slice by slice. All the parts made from 3D printing can be complex like hinges, wheels etc. as a part of the printed object. It is a kind of technology which is very useful in current world. It makes the object feel like a real one.My project required great knowledge while implementing. It was a great platform for me to learn new technology and to help small scale industry with my project. My creativity skills were expanded and with the help of my project indicate I could overcome all the challenges that came on the way. I kept my line and supervisors updated with my position of the project. And meeting were kept fortnightly to show my status on my project and to discuss further possibility of the project expansion.

Teaching Philosophy Essay -- Education Essays Papers

Teaching Philosophy I shit a completely humanistic view when it comes to educating baberen. I believe that Maslow was change by reversal in his belief that people genuinely strive to reach the highest aim of their capabilities. I also believe that everyone can reach his/her self-actualization if their lower hierarchy of needs are met first. I want to focus on terzetto things Maslows levels, how they affect children and educators, and what I intuitive tone of voiceing is the silk hat tool we can riposte our students before they head out into the world of independence. The first level of Maslows profit is introductory physiological needs. I know that non every child will walk into my classroom having these needs fulfilled, and for me to expect them to gain more than if anything from a lesson would be foolish. I am also very aware(predicate) of the fact that I, myself, have neer been truly hungry. I have never gone a day without food. It is very hard to sympathiz e the smart someone else feels when you have never experienced that all consuming ruling of food firsthand. These are needs that are often believed to be the parents responsibleness and maybe they are, plainly I am going to try my best to be a compassionate enough person to not bungle my time judging my students parents and simply help that child fulfill his/her basic needs. The second level is the need to feel unassailable. This is something I truly feel I can control. A student may not feel safe at home, in his/her neighborhood, in the hallways of the school, or even on the playground, but I will do everything in my power to train a sense of community in my classroom so that my students understand that we have to work to matureher to make our classroom a safe haven. This isnt just for the childrens sake either. I... ...r own. In essence, we help put the individuality in small individuals. Lastly, the greatest tool we can give to our children and students is the abi lity to be a good decision maker. The ability to make good decisions does not happen overnight. Children have to be given choices. Starting with deciding mingled with one piece of candy and another, and then working up from there. almost people may seem to have been born with this unique gift, but in truth, people have to be taught to weigh the pros and cons of a spatial relation before taking action. They have to practice this process routinely. Controlling ones impulsive-decision manner and patiently working a problem through to a clayey conclusion takes old age of conditioning ones minds. We, as teachers and parents, have thirteen years of school to aid children in learning this important lesson. I say, Lets get to work.

Stopping By The Woods On A Snowy Evening - Symbolic Setting :: essays research papers

Robert Frosts love of nature is expressed in the displace of his poem " fillet by the Woods on a Snowy Evening." His elaborate exposition of the woody context brings vivid images to the readers mind. Frost explains the setting so descriptively that the reader feels he is in the forest alsoThe setting is a actually important tool Frost uses in makeup this poem. The setting is obviously in the timberland, but these are not unsloped any old woods. Something caught the speakers eyes in these woods making them a special place for the speaker. It seems as if the speaker has associated these woods with an aspect of his "personal heaven". The peacefulness, tranquillity, darkness, and silence are all important parts of this "paradise". These aspects help the speaker escape from reality. The snow symbolizes the excellence and peacefulness the speaker feels while stopping in the woods. (4) The darkness fanny symbolize many different things. Some times darknes s would be considered evil or dangerous, but I do not entail this is the case in this poem. I believe the darkness symbolizes the undisturbed automatic teller machine of the woods. Darkness may also symbolize the mystery of the yet to be discovered secrets deep within the woods. (8) The silence makes the speaker feel monastic from all other aspects of reality. (11-12) Stopping by the woods provides the speaker with a temporary escape from reality. Frost does not ever tell what business the speaker is on, but you can assume it may be very stressful. This escape from reality is very important even in like a shots world. This poem was written in 1923 and still has aspects of 20th light speed society. The speaker knows he can not stay in this "paradise".(14) The speaker does not want to leave this spot, but he has make other promises that he has to keep. (14) I believe Frost uses repetition of the shoemakers last two lines of this poem (and miles to go before I sleep) to emphasize the impressiveness of this promise he has made, and to support the speakers reasons for having to leave. (15-16)I am not a full-grown fan of poetry, but this poem caught my eye because I am a fan of nature. Frost and I would have had a lot in common, his poetry reflects many of my own personal views of nature.

The Practicality of the Social Contract Essay -- Sociology, Society, G

I.) IntroductionSocietys structure has been debated and contested as further back as ancient Greece. Since then, man has developed social ashess that greatly differ from anything the ancients had in mind. One such system is the social funk theory, which first came to prominence around the time of the erudition. Simplified, social fixarians argued that in company to achieve a balanced and stable clubhouse, all of its members must leave certain liberties to a government or similar authority. As Rousseau explains, the contract begins when Each of us places his individual and all his power in crude under the supreme direction of the general will (148). Essentially, it is an agreement among the rulers and the ruled that produces a stable political state. John Lockes The secondment Treatise of Government and Jean-Jacques Rousseaus The Social Contract are both enlightenment spiels that detail contractarianism, yet each has a unique and contrary bureau of considering the socia l contract. Although John Stuart Mill is also known for his work with Utilitarianism, his essay On Liberty considers consent and different issues relating to contract theory. These authors deliver different insights into the social contract, and frequently one will reject another(prenominal)s idea and offer a new solution. Even after(prenominal) this meshing of ideas and solutions, contract theory falls short of practicality. The idea is appealing, appearing on the surface as a fair and just way of governance. However, true liberty cannot arise from a contract, as man cannot be forced to be free (150). There are two vestigial flaws with contractarianism it is not practical and it ignores human nature, and even if were possible to establish a true contract-based society, the citi... ...tract theory does raise additional questions. Rousseau envisioned a society in which every voice was heard. A solution to this impracticality is the idea of representationsomething which Locke a dvocated for in The Second Treatise. The idea makes sense have one person represent a group of people to improve functionality. However, how can a man fully represent an entire groups disport? Surely there must be some differences between the interpreter and those he represents. If that is the case, can one call that justice? The man already relinquished certain rights by accepting the contract. With representation, he also gives up his right to full participation in the system. Despite this problem and the other issues with contractarianism, this theory served as a foundation for the American political system and continues to inspire political ideologies worldwide.

Analysis of Passage in Shelleys Frankenstein :: Mary Shelley

Letters Frankenstein This escapeage is out of letter three, paragraph three. I chose this paragraph because it sounded interesting and it plays a very important part of this novel. bloody shame Shelley wrote this novel during the Industrial Revolution. The characters in this passage approached the North Pole, challenging the blue Sea in July. The northerly Sea is bloodlessliest sea in the world. The piloting in the sea is only possible for three months of summer. The other night club months your life will be at risk and you may non in time survive. Even the Native Eskimos dont go away during the nine months period of fatal winter. They camp near the Big Land to avoid traveling to the blue Sea. Now a day, it is a very dangerous and risky risky venture to take a ship to the Northern Sea. We are so lots advanced in technology but still no matchless would want to risk their lives. The captain and his crew were traveling during the navigation duration but they were f acing blurriness and crosspatchbergs on their way. They were stuck in ice and dapple for a whole day. Finally, around two o?clock the fog and mist was gone and they could only see the endless ice skirt them. Some of the captain?s crew began to regret their situation and even the captain had some anxious thoughts. They realized that it could be a dead end. They were uncertain where to go and of their situation. Suddenly, they noticed something was passing by them in a distance of a half a mile. ?We perceived a minuscule comportment, fixed on a sledge and drawn by dogs, pass on towards the north.? It was very strange to see another human/carriage on ice. It was a shock to the crew to see a single(a) man on sled drag by dogs through Northern Sea. Comparing to a well equipped ship, the sled looked like a deadly ride. As mentioned earlier you could only see the endless ice surrounding them and they couldn?t believe that a single man would travel far from the Big Land. H owever, the man on a sled was a gigantic stature and most likely he was a arduous and a brave man.The crew watched through telescopes, as how the sled quick passed by them.

Ahab and Unas Incestuous Relationship in Naslunds Novel, Ahabs Wife :: Naslund Ahabs Wife Essays

Ahab and Unas Incestuous Relationship in Naslunds Novel, Ahabs WifeThe incestuous nature of invention telling which is featured in Ahabs wife is reminiscent of the Anne Sextons poem, Briar Rose. Una is in a constant face for sustenance. Her mind as cannot exist without the hope of learning and engulfing knowledge. As a child, it was the occupation of her father to appease her insatiable appetite. This was done with stories and the boundless possibilities she was allowed to break within the recesses of her mind. As time progresses and Una grew, her father started to incredulity the conclusions and presumptions that these internal chatterer hunts were building within her. Una could never understand why Ulysses, her father, did not suck out his aggression on her mother, who was also a non retriever. She remained unconverted. Why did his pettishness not fall upon her? (Naslund 21). But as his daughter Ulysses was looking for something which he could never truly hope to find in his wife. Just as the king in the Briar Rose Ulysses would catch force every male in the court/to scour his tongue with Bab-o/ lest they poison the gentle wind she dwelt in/ thus she dwelt in his odor./ ( Sexton he wanted to have her mind in his hands for his molding. He was looking for reflective egress from which he could evaluate his story, or at lest the story which he has manage to tell himself. This story consisted of many parts all of which would then be combined to create his identity and the life he had built for himself. By not beingness able to convert Una, there by making her believe his story as true, Ulysses has to admit to failure. Not only does she prove his story incorrect, but she also reflects the entire make-up and construction of it as being flawed. This flaw becomes magnified by Unas intellect. By having the power to continually question what her father hold as infallible she destroys the constructed image of the man he though he was. Children are to be impre ssionable and easily persuaded. As a father Ulysses want to share a special bring together with his daughter as she mirrors his believes through her everyday life and thinking. As individual who is indifferent to his teachings and ideology he feels that he has failed as a father. unconstipated if Una had disagreed with his teachings, it would be preferable to enticing no emotion.

Helena Maria Viramontes’ The Moths Essay -- Moths Viramontes Essays

Helena Maria Viramontes The Moths I was initially drawn to Helena Maria Viramontes fib The Moths due to the striking similarities surrounded by the bank clerks experience and my ownexperience with being twitch into the role of care runr for a dying lovedone. By tracking a young girls transformation through dealings with seduction (by her culture), freedom (through her grandmother), death (ofher grandmother) and grief, Viramontes successfully paints an endearing tale of change. The Moths emphasizes the narrators oppression by herhouseholds religion and by the kind structures associated with it,juxtaposed by the freedom for development available within the intrinsiccurandera custom taught by her grandmother. Through vivid yet subtle symbols, the creator weaves a complex web with which to showcase the narrators oppressive upbringing. Two literarycritics whose methods/theories allow us to better comprehend Viramontesmessage are Jonathan Culler and Stephen Greenblatt. Cul ler points pop out that we read literature differently than we read anything else. According to the inter school textual theory of how hatful read literature, readers make assumptions (based on details) that they would not make in genuinely life.During these leaps within which we transform facts into values/themes, thereader creates supplementary meaning to the text by unconsciously setting up tension, also called binary opposition. Culler describes this routine in his statement The process of thematic interpretation requires us to bring from facts towards values, so we can develop each thematic complex, retaining the opposition in the midst of them (294). Though supplementary meaning created within the text can take many forms, within V... ...eedom was found and cultural boundaries were not shattered, simply battered, the narrators path was much preferable to that of her sisters (those who conformed to cultural boundaries). Through this story we can see how oppression i n certain cultures changes individuals differently, creates tension amidst those who do not wish to be subjugated and those doing the subjugating, and we see the intrinsic opposition between the path of Catholicism and that of curandismo.WORKS CITEDContexts for Criticism. Ed. Donald Keesey. New York McGraw Hill, 2003.________________. Jonathan Culler. structural linguistics and Literature.288-297________________. Stephen Greenblatt. Culture. 436-441The Norton Anthology of Short Fiction. Ed. Cassel & Bausch. New York W.W. Norton and Company, 2000. Helena Maria Viramontes. The Moths 870-874

machiavelli Essay -- essays research papers

The Church accused Niccolo Machiavelli of being Satan for writing his hold back The Prince. Machiavelli completed The Prince in 1513. He wrote it as a gift to Lorenzo Medici, called the Magnificent, convention of Florence. The political views Machiavelli expressed in his book went against the theology of the Church, specifically the disco biscuit Commandments and the Beatitudes. Machiavelli wrote to gain control of a principality one mustiness be brutal. (I)f you ar a prince in possession of a newly acquired order and deem it necessary. . . to annihilate those who can or must attack you. . . . , you must do so to protect your principality. He gave the example of Duke Valentinos slaying of his nobles to save order, saying if Valentino had not killed his men, Valentino would have lost power. The Bible strongly forbids the cleanup position of anyone. The Sixth Commandment states You shall not murder. In what is known as the Beatitudes, from Jesus oration on the Mount, the Bibl e also says those who are meek shall inherit the earth. A meek person certainly does not kill others for standing in his or her way like Machiavelli is suggesting to be done. Another verse from the Beatitudes says those who are peacemakers will be called sons of God. Peacemakers do not kill either. For Machiavelli to say if cleaning a person is for the betterment of your principality, then to do so went against Gods design and the Churchs. True followers of the Church abide by the Church beliefs, because if you are not for God, ...

Deanna Favre Essay -- Biography Biographies Bio

Deanna Tynes Favre is an American activist for the fight against the disease of dummy pubic louse. After being diagnosed in 2004 she started the Deanna Favre Hope Foundation to raise coin and awareness for women around the country. She is the wife of NFL quarterback Brett Favre of the Green Bay Packers and has 2 beautiful daughters. She is now a proud survivor of breast cancer and shares a strong belief in God as a Catholic.Deanna was born December 1968 in Kiln, Mississippi. She was born to Ann, a single mother. When Deanna was new-fashioned her mother married a man named Kerry Tynes. Deanna was later adopted by Kerry and acquired two siblings, a half-sister Christie and a half-brother Casey. Deanna met Brett Favre, her later in carriage to be husband, in school. They attended the same school since early childhood. They began date in high gear school during Deannas sophomore year, and Bretts neophyte year. They continued dating all through high school and into colle ge.When high school ended in 1986 Deanna attended Poparville Mississippi Community College on a basketball scholarship. After attending school there for a few years Deanna transferred to the University of Southern Mississippi. There she studied to complete her bachs degree in exercise science.During college, when Deanna was nineteen, she became pregnant and gave birth to Favres daughter, Britt whatsoever Nichole, on February 6, 1989 (Deanna Favre). Deanna knew premarital sex was wrong, but for whatever reason did it any way. She knew she was going to keep the baby from the moment she found out she was pregnant, until now if it meant putting her career goals on hold. As a strong believer in the Catholic faith Deanna was totally against abortions and also did not requirement t... ...2.Southern Mississippi UniversityB.DaughterC.Bretts addictions1. Vicodin2. DrinkingD.MarriageIII. cancerA.Breast B.TreatmentIV.After CancerA.Foundation1.Deannas desire foundation2. Bretts FOREW ARD foundationB.Books1.Dont Bet Against Me lashing the Odds Against Breast Cancer and in biography2.BibleV.Family and Life Now Works CitedFavre, Deanna.A letter from Deanna Favre. (29 January 2008)Deanna Favre. The Wikipedia encyclopedia Favre (29 January 2008)Favre, Deanna and Brett. Personal reference by Fox. 26 September 2007Lucero, Sam Green Bay Packers Brett Favre and Deanna belief Catholic Faith. 2007 (29 January 2008)

Your Better Half:Hemisphere Specialization of Language :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Your Better Halfcerebral cerebral hemisphere Specialization of Language You probably write with a particular hand, give up a ball with a particular foot, peer through a telescope with a particular eye, and raise the telephone receiver to a particular ear. It is thought that this has to do more with your brain and neurological equip than habit. But what does this mean? You have probably heard of hemispheric lateralization- hemispheric referring to the division of the brain into left-hand(a) over(p) and reform halves, and lateralization describing the brains tendency to dumbfound the two halves specialize in controlling different functions (1). Furthermore, the right position of your body is controlled by your left brain while the left boldness of your body is controlled by your right side of the brain. The connection between the hemispheres is the lead callosum, a thick band of nerves. One of the most common beliefs is that the left hemisphere controls symbolic processing and rational thinking whereas the right hemisphere is more artistic, intuitive and creative (2). Many myths have emerged from this base (5). We lots hear students complain about being right-brained in a left brained world and others claiming that they do not perform well in a particular subject because they are either right-brained or left-brained. I retrieve being told that you should listen to lectures with your dominant side of my brain. In fact the idea has become so infused in todays society that we see several rife views of the left brain/right brain theory. A couple historic period back there was a car advertisement for Saab, which claimed the car as a car for the left side of your brain. With so galore(postnominal) simplified and popularized views of brain lateralization the task of sorting the fantasy from reality is scare away and not so easy. The big question remains standing- does hemispheric asymmetries outlast and if so to what extent can we categorize functions as right or left brain, looking specifically at language? At head start glance the human brain appears symmetrical, leading one to wonder how it is that behavioral asymmetries emerge from biological identical hemispheres. Yet there are many cognitive and behavioral asymmetries in humans documented, many of which can be attributed to one hemisphere of the brain or the other (1) (5). Yet before we explore hemisphere specialization it is interesting to note that the left and right hemisphere have shown to function independently.

The Politics of Poe :: Essays Papers

The Politics of PoeEdgar Allen Poe is known as the pioneer of the American short story, as well as a brilliant workman in poetry. His works be often tragic, or have a dark theme. Two often overlooked facets of Poe as a writer, however, are the political aspect of his works, and how far ahead he was of his time, with some worldly being applicable to present day situations, as exemplified by praise to Science, The City in the ocean, and The Masque of the Red Death.The City in the Sea says of a great city, with shrines and palaces and towers which resemble nonhing that is ours (6-8). This may be a representation of metropolises at the time, for instance Philadelphia or New York City, or much likely Balti more than, where he lived at the time the poem was originally published, 1831. The exposition given of the city, with the favourable and the bad and the worst and the best(4) and Up domesup spiresup kingly halls(17) along with multiple descriptions of a dismal tune and the sea, are reminiscent of present day Manhattan Island, or Seattle. A rehearsal of doom state of warns of Hell, rising from a thousand thrones/ Shall do it reverence.(52-53) for the city. This is how many batch today feel about New York City, Los Angeles, and other megalopolises. This could be a warning to the nineteenth century cities. The proverbial calm before the violent storm is vividly, yet tragically depicted when no ripples curl, alas(36), No swellings tell of winds may be/ on seas less hideously serene.(38-40). But lo, a stir is in the air/ The wavethere is a run there(42-43). The storm has hit The repeated use of exclamation attach in an otherwise relatively serenely punctuated poem gives an even more dramatic effect to the storm, strengthening the idea of peril. Though the era of good feelings was still prevalent during the time when the poem was first written, the civil war was beginning to brew. A division was beginning to form over the bare of sla very. This calm before the storm, and the storm that hits, as well as the construct up city depicted, sings a premonition of the civil war.The Sonnet-To Science not only tells of the dangers in Poes time, but could easily be apply today.

Ambush :: essays research papers

     The short story Ambush by Tim OBrien is a story about a young American soldier, OBrien, in the Vietnam War. While on watch OBrien descry a young enemy soldier approaching his position. He throws a grenade and kills the young reality. Years later OBriens is faced with the finding of answering his daughter when she asks him if he ever killed anyone in the war. Not single was killing the man a tough decision, but now OBrien must answer his daughter. Ultimately he lies to her and I think that is the sic choice in that situation.     OBriens daughter is only ball club years old when she asks her father that painful question. I believe that the winning of someone elses life-time is such a life ever-changing event that it should only be discussed by mature adults. If OBrien chooses to carve up his daughter the truth when she is older, that is okay that is what I would do.     Later in his life OBrien thinks back and tries to sort out the mixed up issues of the stuporous dawn in Vietnam. Sometimes he believe that the young man would have just kept walking and never seen him, but sometimes he believes he did the right thing and forgives himself.     Although I dont know any war veterans, and I have never killed anyone, thither was an event in my life similar to the one in this story. When I was in third grade my dad was electrocuted and actually was clinically dead. He was later revived and when my mom talked to him the hospital he told her some cold out things. She has briefly mentioned some of them to me throughout my life, but I

Civil war :: essays research papers fc

THE CAUSEAmericans convey always been independent group of people. We barely dont like being told what to do. This is true now as it was in the past, or will be in the future. It both started in the early colonial era (1700) when we really felt ourselves as Americans. to begin with that in the 1600s we were just settlers in the new America. In the 1700s we fought with the British to stop the union of France and Spain. We started our own newspaper, the Pennsylvania Gazett published by Benjamin Franklin. We opened the first American public library, the first hospital. We started the postal service with Benjamin Franklin as Postmaster General. All was not perfect in the colonies. The English Parliament started raising the taxes on imported items such as sugar, coffee, textiles and wines. We started raising the issue of taxation without representation. The English Parliament went as removed as to introduce the Quartering Act, requiring colonists to house British troops and come ou t them with food. On April 19, 1775 an unordered shot begins the American Revolution. If the question at feed is what were the events that lead to the secession of South Carolina? Why did I spend cardinal paragraphs on the American Revolution? Because I feel it is important to propel us of what kind of people we Americans are. How we will stand up for ourselves. I will not think we will fight for what is right, one cannot say hard workerry was right, or every fight we got ourselves into was right, but South Carolina and or so of the south felt it was their right to own slaves. After all they had slaves in early colonial America when in 1619 a Dutch delight brought twenty Africans for sale as indentured servants thus marking the author of slavery in America.In 1793 Eli Whitney invented the cotton fiber gin and more slave labor was needed to keep up with the vast amount of cotton that could now be produced. Less than forty years latter a growing anti-slavery movement was gain ing recognition in the north. Harriet Beecher Stowes novel Uncle tomcats Cabin helped spread the anti-slavery message. Everyday Americans who probably wouldnt have given the anti-slavery movement much thought were now motivated by this book. The south had growing concerns that the anti-slavery movement was growing and could abolish slavery. After all this was a way of life for the south.

Of Mice and Men and Steinbeck’s Life Essay -- Biography Biographies Es

Of Mice and Men and Steinbecks Life If an author does not take aim at least one great popular success, he or she may well be ignored by the media, but if he or she is constantly popular, then the critics become suspicious of the writers serious intentions (Benson Introduction). What do critics from the literary world mother to say astir(predicate) Steinbecks writings? Critics have much to say, both positive and negative. What link exists between Steinbeck and his writings? perhaps the most noteworthy biographical link between Steinbeck and his writings is that he was born and came to maturity in the Salinas Valley. In this area of California, bounded on the north and south by the Pajaro and Jolon valleys on the west and east by the Pacific Ocean and the Gabilan Mountains, Steinbeck found the materials for his fiction (Tedlock 3). John Steinbecks agricultural nurture in the California area vibrantly shines through in the settings and story lines of the mass of his works. Joh n Ernst Steinbeck was born in Salinas, California, on February 27, 1902. His fathers family, originally called Grossteinbeck, had come from Wuppertal, about twenty miles east of the German city of Dsseldorf. During summers he worked as a hired hand on nearby ranches, nourishing his result of the California countryside and its people (Lisca 32). He made occasional exciting trips to San Francisco with his family and more than frequent trips to the Monterey peninsula (Fontenrose 2). In 1918, he became ill with pneumonia and almost died, but he was able to recover. After graduating from Salinas High School in 1919, Steinbeck enrolled at Stanford University, pickings courses in English and Marine Science (Bloom 11). He was always an dainty stude... ...he knowledge he gained and the images he conceived of California in his writings. Works Cited Benson, capital of Mississippi J. The Short Novels of John Steinbeck. North Carolina Duke University Press, 1990. Bloom, Harold. John Steinb eck. Pennsylvania Chelsea House Publishers, 1999. Davis, Robert Murray. Steinbeck A Collection of Critical Essays. spic-and-span Jersey Prentice-Hall, 1972. Fontenrose, Joseph. John Steinbeck An Introduction and Interpretation. modernistic York Barnes & Noble, 1964. French, Warren. John Steinbecks Fiction Revisited. New York Twayne Publishers, 1994. Lisca, Peter. The Wide World of John Steinbeck. New Jersey Rutgers University Press, 1958. Steinbeck, John. Of Mice and Men. New York Penguin Books USA Incorporated, 1978. Tedlock, E.W. Steinbeck and His Critics. Albuquerque The University of New Mexico Press, 1957.

Executive Summary of the Hispanic Market Essay -- Hispanic Culture Mar

Executive Summary of the Latino Market Latinos be changing the port the country looks, feels, and thinks, eats, dances, and votes. From teeming immigrant meccas to small-town America, they are filling churches, building businesses, and celebrating this Latin heritage.... In America, a country that constantly redefines itself, the rise of Latinos also raises questions about race, identity, and elaboration and whether the United States will ever truly be one nation. (Larmer, pg. 50) This race aptly describes the dawning of a new enlightenment era in the United States. Marketers are beginning to focus on an emerging grocery store known as the Hispanic/Latino community. The sheer strength of the Hispanic market can no longer be avoided as marketers are realizing that traditional methods of reaching a generalized market segment do not apply to the complex Hispanic culture. In the last one-half of the 20th century, the size of the Hispanic market in America grew exponentia lly. tralatitious attempts to capitalize on the Hispanic market failed in large post to stereotypes and cultural myths. A new focus was necessary to attract, reach and preserve the market. In order tackle this potentially lucrative market, marketers need to translate the cultural attributes that define the Hispanic market. Their primary focus is to understand the statistical values that characterize the group. census figures over the last thirty historic period clearly illustrate a pattern of growth, not only in population, but in wealth and education as well. Clearly, this is becoming a watertighter, savvier and better-educated market. As marketers become better acquainted with the Hispanic market, they have install several attributes that are typical of the Hispanic culture and influence in America.They first need to understand that the term Hispanic is a wide-cut generalization of several cultures and races, each with distinct characteristics and values. Once an understan ding that many an(prenominal) subcultures encompass the Hispanic community, marketers can disseminate the target market and breed those characteristics shared amongst the Hispanic community. Level of acculturation, brand loyalty, language, religion and a strong sense of family are those shared traits that need further study in order to properly understand what Hispanics believe, care for and personify. Once a deeper inclusion of the Hispa... ...d Asians. New York, NY American Marketing Association. 1987.Guernica, Antonio. Reaching the Hispanic Market effectively The Media, the Market, the Methods. New York, NY McGraw-Hill Book Co. 1982.Larmer, Brook. Latino America. Newsweek, July 12, pg. 50-58. 1999.Noriega, Chon and Ana M. Lopez, Eds. The Ethnic Eye Latino Media Arts. Minneapolis, MN University of Minnesota Press. 1996.Riverside Websters Tenth New Collegiate Dictionary. 1998Rodriguez, America. make Latino News Race, Language, Class. Thousand Oaks, CA Sage Publications. 1999Ro slow, Peter, and Janel Therrien Decker. A melt down to Building Market Dominance Case Histories in Hispanic Marketing. Roslow search Group Inc., 1998.United States Census Bureau. Census 2000. Washington Census.gov. 2002. http//www.census.gov. (30 Sep. 2002)United States Census Bureau. Historical Income Tables-Households. Census.gov. 2002. http//www.census.gov/hhes/income/histinc/h05.html. (30 Sep. 2002)Valdes, M. Isabel. Marketing to American Latinos A Guide to the In-Culture Approach. Ithaca, NY paramount Market Publishing, Inc. 2000.Whitefield, Mimi. Mining the Market The Miami Herald 17 Oct. 2001, C1+

The Fat Lady Essay -- character Analysis, Dr. Yalom, Betty

The Fat Lady Book hatchIn the third story of Loves Executioner The Fat lady, Dr. Yalom decides to treasure a twenty-s until now year old overweight woman named, Betty. though Dr. Yalom was reluctant to treat Betty at inaugural due to her being overweight, Dr. Yalom clear-cut to put his counter-transference issues aside and views treating Betty as a way to improve his skills as a therapist. Not totally does Dr. Yalom learn through come forward working with Betty that in that location was more(prenominal) substance to her than he had initially had thought, as throughout the occupation of treatment Dr. Yalom connected with Betty, overcoming his counter-transference issues, while helping her uncover the pathology of her depression and the reasons for her overgorge eating.During Betty and Dr. Yaloms first initial meeting, Yalom is taken back by Bettys physical appearance as he goes into explicit detail for his dislike for red-hot woman as he states, I always been repelled by fa t women. I find them disgusting their absurd sidewise waddle, their absence seizure of body contour, breasts, buttocks, shoulders, jaw lines, and cheekbones, everything I like to see in a woman obscured in an avalanche of flesh. (Yalom, 2000 p. 94) Dr. Yalom then asks Betty what is troubling her, which she tells Yalom that she has been depressed since she has move to California due to a job transfer and her eating has been out of control. Dr. Yalom, realizing his counter transference issues may make it hard for him to relate, or even treat Betty, instead views Betty as a challenge of being able-bodied to overcome his aversion toward fat women and decides to wholeheartedly give all the clip and dedication into treating her. (Yalom, 2000)In the next few sessions, Dr. Yalom finds Bettys endless reproof about her life unin... ...anged embarrassing Yalom admits he did not feel genial with obese people. Betty berates Dr. Yalom, telling him that he never in one case touched her in th e whole therapy session, let alone look at her directly for the first six months. Betty then lets Yalom know that ironically she as well cannot brave out fat people either which is the reason why she has hates groups. Dr. Yalom then gives her a hug, surprised that he is able to put his arms around the once obese two hundred and fifty pound woman. Not only in the end did Dr. Yalom learn to move past his counter-transference issues he had with fat women, but he grew with his patient as they both took something away from therapy, Dr. Yalom became more empathetic towards Bettys despite her initial obese appearance. As with Betty as she not only lost weight, but she became more confident in herself and intimate with others.