Road Traffic Accidents In Oman

passage Traffic Accidents In OmanRTAs ar the direct ground of three-quarters of every in all accidental deaths of people betwixt the ages of 15 and 24 geezerhood (ROP, 2005). In 2005,688 men, women and children were killed and 6,500 injure in 9247 collapsees. There switch been nearly 45,000 injured since the category 2000. For every death in a bridle-path accident, 2 to 3 girlish people are permanently disabled (ROP, 2010).Factors Influencing THE senior high up Prevalence of RTAs in OmanSocioeconomic FactorsIn the last three decades, a large-scale economic growth in the Arabian Gulf countries including Oman took place, payable to the disc overy of oil. Many aspects of life changed shortly after that. There was a sudden increase both in population and in the summate of vehicles and that was as well accompanied by a rapid expansion of high pathway construction. All these economic instruments realize changed many aspects of life and have condition the public the op portunity to own private cars ( Bener and Jadaan, 1992), which consequently led to the increase number of accidents nigh the countrified. However, the different socioeconomic family condition within the realm had its raise on the likelihood of a child or unfledged adult being killed or injured in an RTA. From my personal experience, as a native Omani, children and young adults from a rich families go away be using private transport to get to instill while the minor socioeconomic state family children go to school either by base on balls or using public transport which, according to WHO (2007) put them at a higher risk of being involved in an RTA. behaviourThe behaviour of the driveway theatrical roler clearly constitutes an important risk factor for RTAs. In Oman careless driving and excess promote are set as the main causes of RTAs ( ROP, 2010), in particular among the age group 15 to 25 years. This age is identified with its complex interaction in ground of physical, cognitive, and psychosocial get aroundmental subprogrames, which result in greater risk-taking (Johnson and J bingles 2010). On the other hand, women in Oman are over cautious drivers, which is likely to confuse other path users by their hesitation and thus precipitate a RTA (ROP, 2010).Public PolicyThe rectitude and the road legislative effectiveness have established a set of regulations to improve road users safety, like the compulsory draining of front sit down belts, implementation of speed frontiers and the prohibiting the use of mobile phones during driving (ROP, 2010). However, based on my knowledge and experience, those economys are loosely applied, which leads to a poor compliance by the lodge. A study was carried out to examine loafer belt wearing in cars entering the Sultan Qaboos University complex on a champion day. The study showed that 90.1% of drivers and 80.9% of front seat passengers wore their seat belt. However, only 1.4% of rear seat passengers wor e a seat belt. The adherence of the front seat passengers was not as that of the drivers although there were police staff at the gate to the campus and spot checks on the roads frequently result in fines. Researchers also reported that they could affect front seat occupants putting on their seat belts as they started the gates (McIlvenny, 2006 p.3).Health ServicesThe Emergency Medical Services (EMS) is a unfermented servicing in Oman. It has been developed due to the increase in the preponderance of RTAs. Currently, it is run by trained Emergency Medical Technicians under the sponsorship of the ROP Ambulance Division. The service covers most of the surface area and responds mainly for accidental injury emergencies. It is free of charge for all people in Oman. There are plans to increase its coverage to the in all country by 2012. The EMS in Oman has hard challenges especially in terms of geographical constraints (Alshaqsi, 2009). In addition, Oman has one large trauma fon dness, which opens the dissertateion for rectitude in the country in terms of differences in accessibility mingled with urban and rural areas.ReligionIslam is the dominant religion in Oman with lilliputian representations of Christian, Hindu and Bodehies. Religion in Oman forms a vital part of the union life. In Islam violating the legislation is unacceptable, thus death caused by a RTA is considered to be a murder or a suicide, which are major(ip)(ip) sins not only in Islam besides in all religions. However a Fatwa, which is a reliable regulation on a point of Islamic law, was declared by the highest religious authority in the country this Fatwa represented the Islamic point of view on the RTA, yet there have been no changes or decrease in the prevalence of the RTAs since the initiation of this Fatwa (AlKalili, 2011). precedency Intervention TO control RTAs IN OmanMost of the factors mentioned above are, in fact, alter if mobilized effectively within the fellowship to s mother the prevalence of RTAs. thus, this section volition highlight improvements to be considered in modulate to strengthen the public policy, fountainheadness function and health schooling to control RTAs in Oman. Although the priorities in road safety policies wadnot be global in nature because of the differing patterns of commerce and RTAs around the world, he supporting evidence on the effectiveness of the suggested interventions is mainly from horse opera countries, which constitute a lot of differences in terms of context. That is because of the very midget amount of road safety research that is done in Oman and dwell countries, especially in the interventions that are suggested in the next section. However, the implementation of these interventions is practicable in the context of Oman.Public PolicyThe strict application of the existing legislation and its penalties is very essential, then benchmarking of some other safety legislations, which were shown to be eff ective in other countries, could be adopted. One of these legislation, for instance, is the mandatory use of rear seat-belts and child restrainers, which proved effective in reducing the distressfulness of injuries thus reducing the of fatality, especially among the most vulnerable age groups, children and young adults. (Kendall and Bodiwala,1994).Readjusting the speed limits according to the inter issue recommendation and then strict enforcement of it go forth result in fewer injuries. A good example of the effect of such legislation is the introduction of speed cameras in London over a six year period, which resulted in a remarkable reduction in deaths and serious injuries (West,1998).Safer design of roads and roadside environments is also important, especially in the rural areas of Oman where the roads are narrow and not straight, have no lights at night and no side guardrails or crash barriers. These interventions have resulted in fewer injuries when implemented in other coun tries (Elvilc, 1995).Improvements In Health ServicesAlthough the health service in Oman has a well established home, there are some interventions that could improve RTA endurances when implemented and these can be categorized in to three stages, pre-hospital, in hospital and post-hospital trauma carePre-hospital trauma careAlthough the EMS in Oman is functioning well since it was started a few years ago geographical constrains do play a major role in the speed of arrival of the EMS to the place of the RTA, as the small population of the country is scattered in a large land area there are people who live on the mountains and others deep in the deserts, and due to these constraints a community based pre-hospital outline was suggested by WHO (2005). Basi chattery, it is teaching some interested community members the basic commencement aid and pre-hospital trauma care techniques. Those first responders can be taught to call for help and provide the first aid until health-care person nel arrive to achieve the necessary care. These individuals could be, for instance, taxi drivers, high school students river, high school students or the community leaders.In-hospital trauma careOne large trauma centre for the whole country is situated in the capital. However, the north side of the country is as far as 12 hours driving or a two-hour flight, which constitutes a high risk in transporting RTA traumatised patients to this national trauma centre. thence providing this kind of go at the secondary hospitals that are situated nearly in all the regions of the country can play a major role in speeding up the necessary interventions and improving the survival of the RTA victims.Post-hospital trauma care (Rehabilitation system)The centralised rehabilitation care for the RTA patients needs to be decentralised and made easily accessible to all the population and in this respect the equity issue, between the urban and rural, should be considered. In summary, in providing healt h services for the RTAs, to improve survival rates an integrated approach between the three aims of care is strongly recommended in the literature and has turn up its effectiveness (Hedstrom and Garneski 2006)Health Education.Many educational programs have been established for the cake of RTAs in Oman. However, there is no significant statistical data cogitate to the effect of those programs. On the other hand, Wood and Bellis (2010) argue that broad interventions that engage the community at large and combine strategies such as education programmes and traffic calming measures have shown their effectiveness in Australia, regular army and UK. in reducing the incidence of RTAs.ConclusionRTAs are a major public health issue in Oman. In order to develop a health progression approach to it, community mobilisation and say-so along with improvements, reinforcement of public health policies and the health care services is the key to stripe and the reduction in injuries.Part Tworoa dstead A Health Promoting SettingintroductionRoad traffic accidents (RTAs) is a growing public health problem in Oman from the discussion in part one of this assignment, evidence showed the significant impact of changing and promoting the road desktops as well as the enforcement of road safety regulations. This document volition present a health promotion strategy taking the roads as the setting to be addressed in order to get at roads safer for everyone.AimsTo establish a sustainable infrastructure that promotes road safety, and to indue the community to make the assume health protecting decisions through advocating reasoning(a) public policies on road safety.To increase the level of knowledge and skills of RTAs legal profession through the mass media.To address inequalities in health services for RTA casualties in Oman due to geographical reasons, and empower the community to build their capacity to reduce and prevent RTA injuries.To encourage young adults in the community (15 to 25) to change their rough driving behavior and adopt healthier attitudes towards road safety.Health Promoting settingHealth Promoting RoadsAlthough the literature studied did not directly discuss roads as a setting for health promotion, the majority of RTA prevention and health promoting strategies are directly linked to the roads and the road users. Thus I strongly believe that in the case of RTA prevention, roads are the appropriate setting for a road safety health promotion programme. This programme is going to target all the road users (drivers, passengers, cyclists and pedestrians) at a national level. Moreover, the programme will constitute multiple integrated approaches firstly, the medical examination approach, which will bring forth to reduce.the premature fatality due to RTAs by advocating for community, intricacy in the provision of first aid for RTA victims in the rural areas, where the mite medical services EMS could be delayed due to geographical constraint s. Secondly, the educational approach, which will aim to provide the knowledge and skills to the targeted group in order to assist them to make an informed choice to adapt a level-headed behaviour when using the roads. Thirdly, social change approach which will aim to focus on the public health policy changes and physical infrastructure changes and improvements of roads that will eventually lead to safer roads for every one (Naidoo and Wills 2009 Bener and Crundall 2004)Tones framework model on health promotion (1994) explains the relationship between health education and health promotion. However, this framework could be adapted in this assignment to also explain the relationship of the different approaches used in order to eventually empower the community.Working for empowerment enhances individual autonomy and enables individuals, groups and communities to return more control over their lives(Naidoo and Wills 2000 pp.108-109).HEALTHLobbying, AdvocacyHealth servicesHealth promot ion organisationsCritical consciences arisingAgenda settingEmpowered participate communityPublic pressureEmpowermentHealth choicesProfessional educationEducation for health sanguine social and physical environmentHealthy public policy(Adapted from Tones and Tilford 1994, cited in Naidoo and Wills 2000 p.108AIM 1 To establish a sustainable infrastructure that promotes road safety, and to empower the community to make the appropriate healthy decision through advocating healthy public policy on road safety.ObjectivesActivitiesTo identify and compile existing best practices in road structure, which promote road safety for all road users.Arrange shock with the stakeholders involving experts to agree on the means of researching and gathering evidenceInvolve the community leaders to give their input ledger entry of new speed limit legislationIntroduction of rear seat belt legislationIntroduction of child restrainers in carsAdvocate for new legislation, providing the evidence of its effec tiveness in promoting the road safety and prevention of RTAs.AIM 2 To increase the level of knowledge and skills of RTAs prevention through the mass mediaobjectivesActivitiesstakeholdersImprove the community mind of safety road usage, to enable them to change their behavior toward safer roads workoutRoad safety campaigns using the mass mediaRadio drama and road posters on the quest issuesUse of seat belts, front, rear and child restrainers travel limits, the consequence of adherence to legislated limits.Compulsory regular breaks for the bus drivers-Director of the media in the country-Police authority society leaders Experts in the fieldAIM 3 To address inequalities in health services for RTA causalities in Oman due to geographical reasons, and empowering the community to build their capacity to reduce fatalities due to RTA injuries.objectivesActivitiesstakeholdersExpand the EMS for all the countryEmpower some of the community members to participate in pre-hospital care. maneuve r motivated community members like high school students, taxi drivers and community leaders in providing first aid and trauma life relieve techniques. slight courses provided by trainers from paramedical training institution in a community setting like schools or the social gathering places (common in rural areas).Legal authorityTraining institutionsPolice authorityCommunity leadersSchools managersAIM 4 To encourage young adults in the community (15 to 25) to change their aggressive driving behavior and adopt healthier attitudes towards roads safetyobjectivesActivitiesstakeholdersIntroduce a road safety programme in high schoolsTo adopt criteria for licensing which includes the attitude of the driver .Road safety school curriculum for high school studentsThought materials for driving schoolsEducation authorityPolice authoritySchool managersDriving training institution managers paygrade plan of the health promoting roads programAccording to Naidoo and Wills (2000), the value of a he alth promotion intervention can be judged by considering the following criteria effectiveness were the aims and objectives met and to what extent (reduction of the RTAs), appropriateness were the suggested interventions relevant to the problem, acceptability were the interventions culturally and conscientiously sensitive, efficiency how a resource was spent and equity since it is a national programme did it cover all the country with the consideration of high vulnerability areas.Aims of the ratingTo survey short term outcomes attitudes of the drivers on the roads in terms of adherence to the speed limits and seat belt regulations.To evaluate mid-term process of implementation.To assess the long term outcomes achievement of the goalsObjectivesThe short term evaluation of the programme will be done after one year to evaluate the process of the implementation and after four years to assess the impact of the programme in the prevention of RTAs and reducing the severity of injuriesSh ort Term military rating and Verification Means name of stakeholders who participated in the readiness processNumber of the community leaders who participated in the traffic legislation changesNumber of the new traffic legislations initiatedNumber of mass media programmes initiatedNumber of traffic offences due to poor compliance with the seat belt and speed regulations.Number of community volunteers enrolled in the trauma first aid programmeMid-Term military rank and Verification MeansNumber of road infrastructure changes, improvements and maintenance projects plotted and budgetedSchool road safety curriculum implementationLong-Term Evaluation and Verification Means part of RTA reduction from all the regions in the country.Percentage of deaths, injuries caused by RTAs and the type and severity of the injuries.Sustainability of all the initiated interventionsResearch of changes in high school students behavior in regard to aggressive driving and speed limits.Changes and improvemen ts in experts inspection and evaluation of the roads infrastructure.ConclusionSafer Roads for Everyone is a health promoting programme that will include many detailed interventions, but it is not intended to be a rigid plan. The plan and targets will be reviewed periodically to take account of new ideas from all stakeholders and the community, also to consider new evidence based interventions and new technologies. A Road Safety Advisory board will be initiated to assist in the review of the whole process.